Transcript Discovering Our Past, Ancient Civilizations
Chapter Introduction
The First Israelites
The Kingdom of Israel
The Growth of Judaism
Chapter Assessment
The First Israelites
Religion shapes how culture develops, just as culture shapes how religion develops.
The 12 tribes of Israel in the land of Canaan were descendants of Abraham. The Israelites believed in one God who gave commandments telling people how to live good lives.
The Kingdom of Israel
All civilizations depend upon leadership for survival.
Under David and Solomon, the people of Israel built a powerful kingdom with its capital at Jerusalem.
The Growth of Judaism
Religion shapes how culture develops, just as culture shapes how religion develops.
The Jews continued to keep their religion even though other people ruled them. They settled in many places in Asia and Europe.
End Of Chapter Introduction Slide
You have read how the Egyptians built a great civilization. At about the same time, another nation was forming. The Egyptians called the people of this nation
habiru,
or foreigners. The people called themselves Israelites or the Children of Israel.
• The Israelites believed in one God who set down moral laws for his people. They recorded their history in the Hebrew Bible.
(page 201)
• The Israelites had to fight the Canaanites to return to their promised land.
(page 204)
Abraham Jacob Moses Canaan Mount Sinai Deborah Phoenician
monotheism tribe Torah focus occupy create covenant alphabet
The peak of Mount Sinai, where —according to the Hebrew Bible —Moses received the Ten Commandments, can be reached by climbing 3,750 stone steps. The steps were created by the monks of St. Catherine’s Monastery.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) A.
The Israelites built a kingdom in
Canaan
, along the Mediterranean Sea in southwest Asia, in 1000 B .
C .
B.
Israelites believed in one God. The belief in one God is called
monotheism
.
C.
The Israelite faith became the religion of Judaism. Judaism influenced Christianity and Islam and helped shape the beliefs of European and American societies.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) D.
Israelites spoke Hebrew and wrote their history and beliefs in what later became the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew Bible is what Christians generally call the Old Testament.
E.
F.
The Israelites believed they were descended from a man named
Abraham
. The Israelites believed God told Abraham to settle in Canaan and worship the one true God.
Abraham’s grandson, named
Jacob
, raised 12 sons in Canaan. Their families became the 12
tribes
of Israel.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) G.
After 100 years in Canaan, the Israelites suffered a long drought. To survive, the Israelites went to Egypt.
H.
The Egyptian pharaoh enslaved the Israelites. To prevent the Israelites from rebelling, the pharaoh ordered all baby boys to be thrown into the Nile River. The pharaoh’s daughter found a baby boy in a basket on the riverbank. She named the baby
Moses
.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) I.
J.
When Moses grew up, he herded sheep in the hills outside Egypt. In those hills, he saw a burning bush and heard a voice. He believed it was God telling him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.
The Hebrew Bible says that God sent 10 plagues to trouble Egypt. The last plague killed all the first-born children, except for those Israelites who marked their doors with lamb’s blood. The plague convinced the pharaoh to let the Israelites leave Egypt.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) K.
After the Israelites left, the pharaoh changed his mind. He sent soldiers after the Israelites. The Hebrew Bible says that God parted the Red Sea, so the Israelites could pass. The water flowed back when the soldiers tried to cross, and they drowned.
L.
On the way back to Canaan, Moses went to the top of
Mount Sinai
and received laws from God. These laws were known as the
Torah
, which became the first part of the Hebrew Bible.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) M.
The Ten Commandments —God’s rules for leading a moral life —are an important part of the Torah. The Ten Commandments helped form the basic moral laws of many nations.
I. The Early Israelites
(pages 201 –203) What promise did God make in the covenant with the Israelites?
God promised to return the Israelites to Canaan if they followed the laws of the Torah.
II. The Promised Land
(pages 204 –205) A.
It took the Israelites about 40 years to reach Canaan. Along the way, Moses died, and Joshua took over.
B.
When the Israelites reached Canaan, they found a group of people, the Canaanites, living there. The Israelites believed it was God’s will to conquer the Canaanites. Joshua led the Israelites into battle. They marched around the walls of the city of Jericho for six days. On the seventh day, the Israelites let out a great shout, and the walls of Jericho crumbled. Joshua led the Israelites in three more wars. The land they seized was divided among the 12 tribes.
II. The Promised Land
(pages 204 –205) C.
After Joshua’s death, the Israelites looked to judges for leadership. Judges were usually military leaders who led one or two tribes.
D.
Eventually, the Israelites won the hilly region of Canaan, and the Canaanites kept the coastal areas. The Israelites built walled towns to protect themselves.
E.
The
Phoenicians
were a group of Canaanites who developed an alphabet. An
alphabet
is a group of letters that stands for sounds.
II. The Promised Land
(pages 204 –205)
II. The Promised Land
(pages 204 –205) How did the Phoenicians affect other cultures of the world?
The Phoenicians passed on their alphabet to the Greeks and Romans. This alphabet is the basis for most Western alphabets of today.
• Led by Abraham, the Israelites settled in Canaan. They later moved to Egypt and were enslaved, but then escaped. The Israelites used the Ten Commandments as rules to live by.
• Joshua and the judges, including Deborah, won back territory in central Canaan for the Israelites.
1. Why was the religion of Israel unique in the ancient world?
It had only one God.
2. What is the Torah, and how did the Israelites obtain it?
The Torah contains the laws that God gave to Moses on Mt. Sinai.
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3.
Summarizing Information
Use a web diagram like the one below to list Jewish ideas that are important in our society.
Possible answers: belief in one god, ideas in Ten Commandments; Hebrew Bible
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4.
Analyze
What was the importance of the Phoenician alphabet?
The Phoenician alphabet made writing simpler and helped in keeping records.
5.
Summarize
What problems did the Israelites face when they returned to Canaan?
The Israelites had to fight to get back part of Canaan from the Canaanites who lived there.
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6.
The Big Ideas
How do the Ten Commandments influence today’s society?
Answers will vary but should demonstrate a basic understanding of the commandments.
In Section 1, you read about the constant fighting between the Israelites and the Canaanites. The tribes of Israel longed for peace. Many thought the way to peace was to unite as one nation.
• The Israelites chose a king to unite them against their enemies.
(page 207)
• King David built an Israelite empire and made Jerusalem his capital city.
(page 209)
• The Israelites were conquered and forced to leave Israel and Judah.
(page 210)
Philistine Saul David Solomon Nebuchadnezzar Jerusalem Judah prophet empire tribute proverb instruct symbol
Jerusalem has had different names throughout history. Before King David conquered Jerusalem, the city was called Jebus. King David renamed the city the City of David. Accounts of the Assyrians’ conquering of the city referred to Jerusalem as the City of Judah.
I. The Israelites Choose a King
(page 207) A.
The
Philistines
were the strongest people in Canaan around 1000 B .
C . According to the Hebrew Bible, some Israelites began copying the Philistine religion.
B.
To keep from quarreling among themselves and to save their religion, the 12 tribes asked Samuel, a
prophet
, to choose a king. A prophet is a person believed by the Israelites to be instructed by God. Samuel warned the Israelites against having a king.
I. The Israelites Choose a King
(page 207) C.
The Israelites named
Saul
as king, and Samuel anointed him. King Saul displeased God, however, so God chose another king,
David
. God told Samuel to anoint David in secret.
I. The Israelites Choose a King
(page 207) Why did Samuel warn the Israelites against choosing a king?
Samuel told the Israelites that a king would enslave them and make them pay taxes.
II. David and Solomon
(pages 209 –210) A.
David was a famous warrior. He killed a giant Philistine named Goliath with a slingshot and stones.
B.
King Saul put David in charge of the army but later grew envious of David and plotted to have him killed. David hid until Saul and his sons were killed. Then, David took the throne.
II. David and Solomon
(pages 209 –210) C.
D.
David drove the Philistines out and conquered other countries, building his empire. An
empire
is a nation that rules several other nations.
The conquered people had to pay
tribute
— money or slaves —to David. The Israelites also had to pay heavy taxes. David used the money to expand Israel’s capital,
Jerusalem
.
II. David and Solomon
(pages 209 –210) E.
Solomon
was David’s son who took the throne after David’s death. Solomon built the stone temple in Jerusalem that David wanted to build. Solomon was known for his
proverbs
, or wise sayings.
F.
When Solomon died, the 12 tribes began fighting. Ten of the tribes lived in the north and called their nation the kingdom of Israel. The other two tribes lived in the south and called their kingdom
Judah
. The capital of Judah was Jerusalem, and the people of Jerusalem were called Jews.
II. David and Solomon
(pages 209 –210)
Click the map to view a dynamic version.
II. David and Solomon
(pages 209 –210) Why did David want to build a temple in Jerusalem?
David wanted the Israelites to have a permanent place for their sacred religious objects.
II. A Troubled Time
(pages 210 –212) A.
After creating the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the prophets brought hope to the people of Israel.
B.
The Assyrians conquered Israel and dispersed the 10 tribes throughout their empire. These Israelites were often called the “lost tribes of Israel.”
C.
The Assyrians brought in people from elsewhere to settle in Samaria. They became known as Samaritans.
II. A Troubled Time
(pages 210 –212)
II. A Troubled Time
(pages 210 –212) D.
The Samaritans adopted many Israelite beliefs. They worshiped the God of Israel and read the Torah. Over time they separated from Israel. Today’s Judaism developed out of the religious practices of Judah.
E.
The Egyptians conquered the kingdom of Judah in 620 B .
C .
F.
The Chaldeans conquered Egypt and became rulers of Judah in 605 B .
C .
II. A Troubled Time
(pages 210 –212) G.
The Jews joined forces with the Egyptians to conquer the Chaldeans.
H.
King
Nebuchadnezzar
and the Chaldeans captured Jerusalem and punished the Jews. He sent 10,000 Jews to Babylon and appointed a new Jewish king.
I.
In 586 B .
C ., the Jews revolted against the Chaldeans, and the Chaldean ruler crushed Jerusalem. The Chaldeans took the king of Judah and thousands of Jews to Babylon. This period is known as the Babylonian Captivity.
II. A Troubled Time
(pages 210 –212) What message did the prophets bring to the Israelites?
The prophets warned the Israelites that being faithful to God was more than simply going to temple to worship. It meant working for a just society and dealing fairly with other people.
• Saul was the first king of the Israelites. He united the 12 tribes into one kingdom.
• King David built an Israelite empire and made Jerusalem his capital. Solomon built a great temple at Jerusalem, but after he died, the Israelites split into two kingdoms —Israel and Judah.
• The Assyrians and then the Chaldeans conquered Israel and Judah, and forced many Israelites to leave their homeland.
1. Why was David anointed king while Saul was still in charge of the Israelites?
Saul displeased God by disobeying some commands, so God chose another king.
2. Who were the prophets, and why were they important to the Israelites?
The prophets were messengers who claimed to be instructed by God and who taught the Israelites how to live properly.
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3.
The Big Ideas
Draw a chart like the one below. Use it to compare the accomplishments of King David and King Solomon.
King David —united the Israelites, defeated the Philistines, made Jerusalem Israel’s capital, wrote many psalms King Solomon —built temple in Jerusalem, proverbs
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4.
Summarize
What happened to the Israelites after the death of Solomon?
They formed two separate kingdoms.
5. Describe
Who were the Samaritans?
The Samaritans were Assyrian settlers in the area around Samaria.
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6.
Infer
Why do you think the Assyrians and Chaldeans moved Jews away from Israel and Judah?
They wanted to decrease the chance of revolt.
In Section 2, you learned that the Chaldeans forced thousands of Jews to go to Babylon. Life in Babylon was very difficult. Many of Judah’s people looked to their religion for hope and strength.
• The Jews continued their religion during their exile in Babylon.
(page 214)
• Jews spread their beliefs to the Greek world and regained control of Judah.
(page 215)
• Religion shaped the Jewish way of life.
(page 217)
• Under Roman rule, the Jews were divided and rebellious. In response, the Romans destroyed the temple and exiled the Jews.
(page 220)
Babylon Judas Maccabeus Herod Zealot Yohanan ben Zaccai exile rabbi Sabbath synagogue Diaspora messiah series version trace
The Jewish Sabbath, or Shabbat, begins on Friday evening at sundown and ends at sunset Saturday evening. Jews commemorate the separation of Shabbat from the rest of the week with special ceremonies.
I. Exile and Return
(pages 214 –215) A.
Exile
occurs when people are forced to leave their homeland. During the Israelites’ exile in
Babylon
, their religion became known as Judaism.
B.
Jews met each week on the
Sabbath
, a day of worship and rest, in a
synagogue
, or house of worship. At the meetings, the Jews prayed and discussed their religion.
I. Exile and Return
(pages 214 –215) C.
After the Persians defeated the Chaldeans and took control of Babylon, the Persian king, Cyrus, allowed the Jews to return to Judah.
D.
Persian officials did not allow the Jews to have their own government. The Jews looked to their religious leaders for guidance. Jewish leaders became priests and scribes.
I. Exile and Return
(pages 214 –215) E.
The Hebrew Bible consists of 34 books. These books describe Jewish history and have poetry, proverbs, and literature.
F.
The Jews believed that God had a special role for them in history and that events had meaning.
I. Exile and Return
(pages 214 –215) G.
The book of Daniel reminded Jews that God would rescue them.
H.
Jews, Christians, and Muslims share the idea that good will triumph over evil.
I. Exile and Return
(pages 214 –215) How does the book of Genesis explain different languages of the world?
Genesis tells that the people of Babel tried to build a tower to heaven. God disapproved of the tower and made all the people speak different languages and scattered them across the earth.
II. The Jews and the Greeks
(pages 215 –216) A.
Judah came under the control of Alexander the Great in 331 B .
C . He introduced Greek language and ways to the Jews who stayed in Judah.
B.
The
Diaspora
refers to the scattering of Jews outside of Israel and Judah. The word
diaspora
means “scattered.”
II. The Jews and the Greeks
(pages 215 –216) C.
The Greek ruler Antiochus wanted the Jews to worship Greek gods and goddesses. A priest named
Judas Maccabeus
and his followers formed an army known as the Maccabees to fight the Greeks.
D.
The Maccabees drove the Greeks out of Judah. They removed evidence of the gods and goddesses from their temple. Each year Jews recall the cleansing of the temple when they celebrate Hanukkah.
II. The Jews and the Greeks
(pages 215 –216)
II. The Jews and the Greeks
(pages 215 –216) How did Jewish ideas spread at the time of Alexander the Great?
Some Jews who learned the Greek language but were loyal to Judaism copied the Hebrew Bible in the Greek language. In this way, people who were not Jews could read about and understand Judaism.
III. The Jewish Way of Life
(pages 217 –218) A.
Jewish laws influenced Jews’ daily life.
B.
Jewish laws applied to clothing. Men wore tunics, caps or turbans, and sandals. Women wore dresses and covered their heads with shawls. Wealthy women wore shoes, makeup, and jewelry.
C.
Sons were especially valuable in Jewish society. Sons carried on the family name and became the head of the family after the death of their fathers.
III. The Jewish Way of Life
(pages 217 –218) D.
Sons learned how to earn a living and how to worship God from their fathers. They later learned how to read the Torah from religious leaders.
E.
Girls learned how to be good wives, mothers, and housekeepers. They also learned about Jewish laws and the strong women of ancient Israel.
F.
Jewish laws stated that Jews could eat only certain animals, such as beef, lamb, and certain scaly fish. Today, food that is prepared according to Jewish law is called kosher.
III. The Jewish Way of Life
(pages 217 –218) How is kosher meat prepared?
To be kosher, the animal is killed in a certain way. Then the meat is inspected, salted, and soaked. Jewish laws instruct Jews not to cook or eat milk products with the meat.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) A.
In 63 B .
C ., the Romans conquered Judah and renamed it Judaea.
B.
King
Herod
, the most famous ruler of Judaea, made the temple in Jerusalem awe-inspiring.
C.
After Herod’s death, the Romans replaced Jewish kings with Roman officials.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) D.
The Jews had splintered into different groups. One group was the Pharisees, who were supported by the common people. Another group was the Sadducees, who did not agree with many of the Pharisees’ teachings. A third group was the Essenes. Because the Jews had split into these groups, they were not as powerful after the death of Herod.
E.
The Dead Sea Scrolls were found near the Dead Sea in A .
D . 1947.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) F.
The Jews hated Roman rule. Many Jews were waiting for a
messiah
, or deliverer sent by God. Some Jews, known as
Zealots
, wanted to fight the Romans. They revolted in A .
D . 66 and drove the Romans out of Jerusalem.
G.
The Romans regained control four years later. They killed thousands of Jews and forced many others to leave. The Romans also destroyed the temple in Jerusalem. What remains today is the Western Wall.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) H.
The Jews revolted again, but the Romans stopped the revolt. This time, they forbade Jews to visit Jerusalem and gave Judah the name of Palestine, referring to the Philistines.
I.
Rabbis
, teachers of the Torah, became important leaders. Rabbis wanted to pass on the teachings of the Torah. They combined the teachings in a book called the Talmud.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) J. Yohanan ben Zaccai
, a famous rabbi, helped Judaism survive the destruction and loss of the temple.
K.
For 2,000 years most Jews lived outside Palestine and faced persecution. In A .
D . 1948 Palestine was divided, and a new Jewish nation called Israel was created.
IV. The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220 –223) What was the difference between the Pharisees and the Sadducees?
The Pharisees were concerned with applying the Torah to daily life and the Jewish home and family. The Sadducees were concerned with how the Torah applied to priests in the Temple.
• During their exile in Babylon, the Jews developed their religion, which is based upon the Hebrew Bible.
• Jews spread their ideas to the Greek world. About 168 B .
C ., they fought the Greeks for control of Judah.
• Religious laws concerning food and clothing affected everyday Jewish life.
• In 63 B .
C . Judah was taken over by the Roman Empire.
1. What was the Diaspora?
The Diaspora was the scattered Jews living outside the homeland of Judah.
2. What was education like within a Jewish family?
Mothers taught young children. Fathers taught older boys religion and the father’s trade. Mothers taught girls the basic skills of being good wives, mothers, and housekeepers.
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3.
Organizing Information
Draw a table to describe the differences between these three Jewish groups.
Your tables should match the text.
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4.
Summarize
practice their religion during the exile in Babylon?
How did the Jews
The Jews met and worshiped on the Sabbath.
5.
Identify
Who was Yohanan ben Zaccai, and why was he important?
Yohanan ben Zaccai was a rabbi who helped Judaism survive the temple’s loss by creating a school to study the Torah.
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6.
The Big Ideas
Do you think that Jewish beliefs and values would have spread so widely if Israel and Judah had not been conquered by other peoples?
Answers will vary but should express plausible reasons.
Match the definitions in the second column to the terms in the first column.
tribe
a.
believed to be inspired by God prophet synagogue
b.
Jewish house of worship
c.
family group Sabbath
d.
holy day of worship and rest messiah
e.
forced absence monotheism
f.
belief in one God covenant exile
g.
deliverer sent by God
h.
agreement
9. Where did the Israelites record their history and religious beliefs?
They recorded their history in the Hebrew Bible.
10. Why did the Israelites fight the Canaanites?
They believed it was God’s will.
11. Why did the Israelites choose a king?
The Israelites chose a king to unite them against their enemies, the Philistines.
12. Where did David build his capital city?
David built his capital in Jerusalem.
13. What happened when the Israelites were conquered?
They were forced to leave Israel and Judah.
14. To where were the Jews exiled?
They were exiled into Babylon.
15. How did Jewish ideas spread throughout the Mediterranean world?
Some Jews of the Diaspora translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek.
16. How did religion influence Jewish life?
Jewish laws set rules for diet, dress, conduct, and so on.
17. How did Romans respond to Jewish rebellions?
The Jewish rebellions were forcefully put down, and the Romans destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and exiled the Jews.
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18.
Contrast
How was the Jewish religion different from religions of other ancient cultures?
The Jewish religion had one God, while other religions had many.
19.
Analyze
Why do you think the Israelites felt so strongly about a Promised Land?
Jews believed they had received the promised land by having made a covenant with God.
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20.
Compare and Contrast
were they different?
How were Saul and David similar, and how
Both led Israelites to victory. Saul displeased God, plotted to kill David, and was eventually killed in battle. David defeated Goliath and the Philistines and built Jerusalem.
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21.
Explain
How did the Jewish religion survive during the exile of the Jews?
The Jews worshipped on the Sabbath.
22.
Describe
What is celebrated on the Jewish holiday Hanukkah?
The Maccabees’ defeat of the Greeks and the reclaiming and cleansing of the temple in Jerusalem is celebrated on Hanukkah.
Study the map below and answer the following questions.
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23.
Location
Which kingdom —Israel or Judah —had an advantage when it came to trade? Why?
Israel had an advantage when it came to trade because it had ports on the Mediterranean Sea.
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24.
Identify
About how far is Jerusalem from Damascus?
It is about 140 miles.
25.
Analyze
Which kingdom had the most access to the Mediterranean?
Israel had the most access.
Read the passage below and answer the following question.
“What you gain by doing evil won’t help you at all, but being good can save you from death.”
34. This proverb by Solomon reflects what important Jewish teaching?
A
Working hard is all that matters.
B C
Doing what is right and good is the best solution.
As long as you are happy, it doesn’t matter if you are good or evil.
D
Treat others as you would like to be treated.
CA
CS1.
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6RC2.3
Do you think religion affected the daily lives of the ancient Israelites more, less, or about the same as religion affects people in the United States today? Why?
WH6.3
Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews.
WH6.3.1
Describe the origins and significance of Judaism as the first monotheistic religion based on the concept of one God who sets down moral laws for humanity.
WH6.3.2
Identify the sources of the ethical teachings and central beliefs of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible, the Commentaries): belief in God, observance of law, practice of the concepts of righteousness and justice, and importance of study; and describe how the ideas of the Hebrew traditions are reflected in the moral and ethical traditions of Western civilization.
WH6.3.3
Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.
WH6.3.4
Discuss the locations of the settlements and movements of Hebrew peoples, including the Exodus and their movement to and from Egypt, and outline the significance of the Exodus to the Jewish and other people.
WH6.3
Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews.
WH6.3.2
Identify the sources of the ethical teachings and central beliefs of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible, the Commentaries): belief in God, observance of law, practice of the concepts of righteousness and justice, and importance of study; and describe how the ideas of the Hebrew traditions are reflected in the moral and ethical traditions of Western civilization.
WH6.3.3
Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.
WH6.3.4
Discuss the locations of the settlements and movements of Hebrew peoples, including the Exodus and their movement to and from Egypt, and outline the significance of the Exodus to the Jewish and other people.
WH6.3
Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews.
WH6.3.2
Identify the sources of the ethical teachings and central beliefs of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible, the Commentaries): belief in God, observance of law, practice of the concepts of righteousness and justice, and importance of study; and describe how the ideas of the Hebrew traditions are reflected in the moral and ethical traditions of Western civilization.
WH6.3.3
Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.
WH6.3.4
Discuss the locations of the settlements and movements of Hebrew peoples, including the Exodus and their movement to and from Egypt, and outline the significance of the Exodus to the Jewish and other people.
WH6.3.5
Discuss how Judaism survived and developed despite the continuing dispersion of much of the Jewish population from Jerusalem and the rest of Israel after the destruction of the second Temple in A .
D . 70.
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