Transcript Chapter 12
Chapter 12: Central Nervous System Figure 12.2: Embryonic development of the human brain, p. 432. (a) Neural tube (b) Primary brain vesicles (c) Secondary brain vesicles (d) Adult brain structures (e) Adult neural canal regions Cerebrum: cerebral Lateral ventricles Telencephalon hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Anterior (rostral) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Mesencephalon Brain stem: midbrain Metencephalon Brain stem: pons Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Diencephalon Third ventricle (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Cerebellum Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Myelencephalon Brain stem: medulla oblongata Posterior (caudal) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Spinal cord Central canal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.3: Effect of space restriction on brain development, p. 432. Anterior (rostral) Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon Myelencephalon Posterior (caudal) Midbrain Cervical Flexures Spinal cord (a) 5 weeks Cerebral hemisphere Cerebral hemisphere Outline of diencephalon Midbrain (b) 13 weeks Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata (d) Birth Spinal cord Cerebral hemisphere (c) 26 weeks Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.5: Ventricles of the brain, p. 434. Lateral ventricle Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Posterior horn Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Fourth ventricle Median aperture Lateral aperture Central canal Central canal (a) Anterior view Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn (b) Left lateral view Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.6a-b: Lobes and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres, p. 435. Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Frontal lobe Central sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata (a) Spinal cord Gyri of insula Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus Temporal lobe (pulled down) (b) White matter Fissure (a deep sulcus) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.8a: Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex, p. 437. Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association area Primary motor area 3 1 Premotor cortex 4 6 Frontal eye field 5 Gustatory cortex (in insula) 45 43 44 22 41 42 Broca's area (outlined by dashes) Prefrontal cortex (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Taste Wernicke's area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Solving complex, multitask problems Somatic sensation 7 8 Working memory for spatial tasks Working memory for object-recall tasks 2 11 47 22 19 18 17 Primary visual cortex Visual association area Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Vision Hearing Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Wilder Penfield 1891 – 1976 Physician and Neuroscientist who mapped the brain in what became the “humunculus” Figure 12.9: Motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, p. 438. Sensory Leg Motor Toes Face Genitals Lips Jaw Tongue Swallowing Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Intraabdominal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.22: Memory processing, p. 461. Outside stimuli General and special sensory receptors Afferent inputs Temporary storage (buffer) in cerebral cortex Automatic memory Data permanently lost Data selected for transfer Short-term memory Forget Forget Data transfer influenced by: Retrieval Excitement Rehearsal Association of old and new data Long-term memory Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Data unretrievable Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.26: Formation, location, and circulation of CSF, p. 466. Superior sagittal sinus Superior cerebral vein Choroid plexus Cerebrum covered with pia mater Septum pellucidum Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Great cerebral vein Corpus callosum Interventricular foramen Tentorium cerebelli Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Third ventricle Pituitary gland Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Cerebellum Choroid plexus Cerebral vessels that supply choroid plexus Central canal of spinal cord Spinal dura mater Inferior end of spinal cord Filum terminale (inferior end of pia mater) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn (b) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.29a: Gross structure of the spinal cord, posterior view, p. 471. Cervical enlargement Dura and arachnoid mater Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale Cervical spinal nerves Thoracic spinal nerves Lumbar spinal nerves Sacral spinal nerves (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.31a: Anatomy of the spinal cord, p. 473. Epidural space (contains fat) Subdural space Subarachnoid space Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater Spinal meninges Bone of vertebra Dorsal root ganglion Body of vertebra (a) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 12.31b: Anatomy of the spinal cord, p. 473. Posterior funiculus White Anterior funiculus columns Lateral funiculus Posterior median sulcus Gray commissure Dorsal (posterior) horn Gray Ventral (anterior) horn matter Lateral horn Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Dorsal root Ventral root Central canal Anterior median fissure Pia mater Arachnoid Spinal mater (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.