Transcript Chapter13

Respiratory Failure
PiO2 150mmHg
Externel
respiration
Ventilation
Gas exchange
PAO2 100
PACO2 40
PaO2 100mmHg
PaCO2 40mmHg
PvO2
40mmHg
PvCO2
46mmHg
Concept
External respiratory dysfunction →
PaO2 <60mmHg(at sea level)
Hypoxemic
Type I
----- No hypercapnia
Hypercapnic Type II -- PaCO2 >50mmHg
Differential diagnosis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
1. Ventilatory disorder -----hypoventilation
• Restrictive —— restricted inspiration
1) Paralysis of respiratory muscle
2) Low compliance of chest wall
3) Low compliance of lung
4) Hydrothorax or pneumothorax
• Obstructive----airway obstruction
due to:
congestion, edema of mucous membrane
bronchial spasm
airway space obstruction
Dyspnea ----inspiratory or expiratory
Forced expirationclosure of airway
Expiration
Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration
Dyspnea due to intrathoracic and extrathoracic
airway obstruction
0
0
+5
+10
+10
+20
+20 +30 +20
+20
+20
+35
+20
+20
+25
+20
Normal
+20
+20
emphysema
Equal pressure point shifted up 
airway closure during forced expiration
PA = Ppl + PER
PaO2
100% 13.3
SaO2
PaCO2 75% 10.7
PaO2
(kPa)
SaO2 50% 8.00
pH
7.6
Arterial
blood
7.4
pH
7.2
25% 5.33
N
PaCO2
Alveolar ventilation (L/min)
Blood gas alterations
↑ d PaCO2
Alveolar
hypoventilation
↓ d PaO2
•
=R
PACO2×VA
R=
•
(PiO2-PAO2)×VA
PAO2 = PiO2
PaCO2
PACO2
R
the best index of alveolar ventilation
PACO2 =
0.863×VCO2
•
VA
二. Diffusion disorder
1, Surface area of diffusion membrane↓
2, Thickness of diffusion membrane ↑
+ Increased blood flow
Blood gas variations :
PaO2 ↓
PaCO2 N or ↓
2. Diffusion disorder
• ↓ Surface area of diffusion membrane
• ↑ Thickness of diffusion membrane
+ increased blood flow
Blood gas variations :
↓ PaO2
N or ↓ PaCO2
PO2
PCO2( kPa )
13.33
10.67
PaO2
PvCO2
6.13
8.00
5.33
PvO2
PaCO2
2.67
0
0.25
0.50
0.75 s
Variation of blood gas in alveolar capillary
-----------by patient with diffusion disorder
3. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance
Normal
VA
Q
=
4L
5L
=
0.8
<﹣ 10cmH2O
50%
> - 2.5cm H2O
0 -10 -20 -30
Normal ventilation and blood flow distribution
in lung
• Local hypoventilation
functional shunt
diseased normal
VA/Q
PaCO2
<0.8
↑↑
CaCO2
total lung
>0.8
↓↓
N
↑↑
↓↓
N
PaO2
↓↓
↑↑
?
CaO2
↓↓
↑
=0.8 >0.8 <0.8
↓ ↑
↓
↓
↑
• Local hypoperfusion  dead space like ventilation
diseased
VA/Q
PaCO2
CaCO2
PaO2
CaO2
normal
?
total lung
2、Local hypoperfusion → dead space like
ventilation
diseased
VA/Q
normal
total lung
<0.8
=0.8
>0.8
PaO2
↑↑
CaO2
↑
↓↓
↓↓
↓
↓
PaCO2
↓↓
↑↑
N
CaCO2
↓↓
↑↑
N
4. Anatomic shunt
Bronchial vein
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)
Acute lung injury
inflammation
pulm.edema atelectasis bronchospasm vasoconstrction
thrombosis
diffusion
disorder
functional
shunt
hypoxemia
dead space like
ventilation
Metabolic and functional alterations
<
<
PaCO2 >
>
PaO2
60mmHg
30mmHg
50mmHg
80mmHg
compensation
disturbances
compensation
disturbances
See chapter “Hypoxia” and
“Respiratory acidosis”
Principles of Treatment
•
•
•
•
Treating causes
Increasing PaO2
Decreasing PaCO2
Correcting metabolic and functional
disturbances
The difference of oxygen therapy between
type I and type II respiratory failure ?
48岁,男,因气促、神志模糊送来急诊
活动时呼吸困难已数年,夜间有时感觉憋气,
近来活动减少,医生说他有心扩大和高血压,用
过利尿剂和强心药。数次急诊为“支气管炎和肺
气肿”吸入平喘药,一天吸烟一包已20年,一向
稍胖,近6个月长40磅。
检查: 肥胖、神志恍惚、反应迟钝、不回答问
题,无发热,脉搏110,血压 170/110mmHg,呼
吸18,打磕睡时偶闻鼾声,肺散在哮鸣音、心音
弱,颈静脉怒张,外周水肿。
动脉血PaO2 50、PaCO2 65、pH 7.33,Hct
49% ,WBC计数分类正常, X光肺野清晰,心脏大,
肌酐2.6mg/dl(1-2),BUN 65mg/dl(9-20)。
吸氧,用平喘药,作气管插管后送ICU。因发作性呼
吸暂停伴血氧降低, 行机械通气。超声心动图见右心肥大
与扩大,室间隔运动减弱。肺动脉收缩压70mmHg。
在ICU头二天尿增多,BUN及肌酐下降。第三天清醒
能正常回答问题。第4天拔去插管,用多导睡眠图测得入
睡数分钟出现阻塞性和中枢性呼吸暂停,约每小时30次,
最长停38s(15s),SaO2常降至58%。持续正压通气可
解除阻塞,中枢性呼吸暂停和低氧血症仍存在。再增加
吸氧则消除低氧血症。转入普通病房及回家后,每晚仍
用持续正压通气和氧疗, 神经症状改善,继续尿多、体重
下降。三个月后超声心动图右心已缩小,室间隔运动正
常,肺动脉压45/20mmHg。
问题:1、病人患什么病?有哪些合并症?
诊
断依据?
2、有无呼衰?发生机制?
3、病人肺动脉高压发生机制?
4、有关心衰?发生机制?
5、神志恍惚、反应迟钝机制?
6、肌酐、BUN变化机制?
7、病人酸碱紊乱类型?
8、病人有高血压和水肿,为何不用
利尿剂?
9、疗效显著,为什么?