Transcript Chapter13
Respiratory Failure PiO2 150mmHg Externel respiration Ventilation Gas exchange PAO2 100 PACO2 40 PaO2 100mmHg PaCO2 40mmHg PvO2 40mmHg PvCO2 46mmHg Concept External respiratory dysfunction → PaO2 <60mmHg(at sea level) Hypoxemic Type I ----- No hypercapnia Hypercapnic Type II -- PaCO2 >50mmHg Differential diagnosis Etiology and Pathogenesis 1. Ventilatory disorder -----hypoventilation • Restrictive —— restricted inspiration 1) Paralysis of respiratory muscle 2) Low compliance of chest wall 3) Low compliance of lung 4) Hydrothorax or pneumothorax • Obstructive----airway obstruction due to: congestion, edema of mucous membrane bronchial spasm airway space obstruction Dyspnea ----inspiratory or expiratory Forced expirationclosure of airway Expiration Inspiration Expiration Inspiration Dyspnea due to intrathoracic and extrathoracic airway obstruction 0 0 +5 +10 +10 +20 +20 +30 +20 +20 +20 +35 +20 +20 +25 +20 Normal +20 +20 emphysema Equal pressure point shifted up airway closure during forced expiration PA = Ppl + PER PaO2 100% 13.3 SaO2 PaCO2 75% 10.7 PaO2 (kPa) SaO2 50% 8.00 pH 7.6 Arterial blood 7.4 pH 7.2 25% 5.33 N PaCO2 Alveolar ventilation (L/min) Blood gas alterations ↑ d PaCO2 Alveolar hypoventilation ↓ d PaO2 • =R PACO2×VA R= • (PiO2-PAO2)×VA PAO2 = PiO2 PaCO2 PACO2 R the best index of alveolar ventilation PACO2 = 0.863×VCO2 • VA 二. Diffusion disorder 1, Surface area of diffusion membrane↓ 2, Thickness of diffusion membrane ↑ + Increased blood flow Blood gas variations : PaO2 ↓ PaCO2 N or ↓ 2. Diffusion disorder • ↓ Surface area of diffusion membrane • ↑ Thickness of diffusion membrane + increased blood flow Blood gas variations : ↓ PaO2 N or ↓ PaCO2 PO2 PCO2( kPa ) 13.33 10.67 PaO2 PvCO2 6.13 8.00 5.33 PvO2 PaCO2 2.67 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 s Variation of blood gas in alveolar capillary -----------by patient with diffusion disorder 3. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance Normal VA Q = 4L 5L = 0.8 <﹣ 10cmH2O 50% > - 2.5cm H2O 0 -10 -20 -30 Normal ventilation and blood flow distribution in lung • Local hypoventilation functional shunt diseased normal VA/Q PaCO2 <0.8 ↑↑ CaCO2 total lung >0.8 ↓↓ N ↑↑ ↓↓ N PaO2 ↓↓ ↑↑ ? CaO2 ↓↓ ↑ =0.8 >0.8 <0.8 ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ • Local hypoperfusion dead space like ventilation diseased VA/Q PaCO2 CaCO2 PaO2 CaO2 normal ? total lung 2、Local hypoperfusion → dead space like ventilation diseased VA/Q normal total lung <0.8 =0.8 >0.8 PaO2 ↑↑ CaO2 ↑ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓ ↓ PaCO2 ↓↓ ↑↑ N CaCO2 ↓↓ ↑↑ N 4. Anatomic shunt Bronchial vein Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) Acute lung injury inflammation pulm.edema atelectasis bronchospasm vasoconstrction thrombosis diffusion disorder functional shunt hypoxemia dead space like ventilation Metabolic and functional alterations < < PaCO2 > > PaO2 60mmHg 30mmHg 50mmHg 80mmHg compensation disturbances compensation disturbances See chapter “Hypoxia” and “Respiratory acidosis” Principles of Treatment • • • • Treating causes Increasing PaO2 Decreasing PaCO2 Correcting metabolic and functional disturbances The difference of oxygen therapy between type I and type II respiratory failure ? 48岁,男,因气促、神志模糊送来急诊 活动时呼吸困难已数年,夜间有时感觉憋气, 近来活动减少,医生说他有心扩大和高血压,用 过利尿剂和强心药。数次急诊为“支气管炎和肺 气肿”吸入平喘药,一天吸烟一包已20年,一向 稍胖,近6个月长40磅。 检查: 肥胖、神志恍惚、反应迟钝、不回答问 题,无发热,脉搏110,血压 170/110mmHg,呼 吸18,打磕睡时偶闻鼾声,肺散在哮鸣音、心音 弱,颈静脉怒张,外周水肿。 动脉血PaO2 50、PaCO2 65、pH 7.33,Hct 49% ,WBC计数分类正常, X光肺野清晰,心脏大, 肌酐2.6mg/dl(1-2),BUN 65mg/dl(9-20)。 吸氧,用平喘药,作气管插管后送ICU。因发作性呼 吸暂停伴血氧降低, 行机械通气。超声心动图见右心肥大 与扩大,室间隔运动减弱。肺动脉收缩压70mmHg。 在ICU头二天尿增多,BUN及肌酐下降。第三天清醒 能正常回答问题。第4天拔去插管,用多导睡眠图测得入 睡数分钟出现阻塞性和中枢性呼吸暂停,约每小时30次, 最长停38s(15s),SaO2常降至58%。持续正压通气可 解除阻塞,中枢性呼吸暂停和低氧血症仍存在。再增加 吸氧则消除低氧血症。转入普通病房及回家后,每晚仍 用持续正压通气和氧疗, 神经症状改善,继续尿多、体重 下降。三个月后超声心动图右心已缩小,室间隔运动正 常,肺动脉压45/20mmHg。 问题:1、病人患什么病?有哪些合并症? 诊 断依据? 2、有无呼衰?发生机制? 3、病人肺动脉高压发生机制? 4、有关心衰?发生机制? 5、神志恍惚、反应迟钝机制? 6、肌酐、BUN变化机制? 7、病人酸碱紊乱类型? 8、病人有高血压和水肿,为何不用 利尿剂? 9、疗效显著,为什么?