Transcript Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Q.No.2013. write down in detail the problems of “Ummah” in the contemporary world.
2012 ےک سا رپ ہما ملسم ۓوہ ےترک نایب رظن ہطقن اک ندمت و بیذہت دیدج ۓیجیک نایب تارثا Q.7-2011-In the present period the Muslim Ummah is facing different problems and for the solution of these problem “ijtehad” is necessary, so point out such an institution that can offer solution of the new problems with the help of Ijtehad Q.9-2011-In the present era, Muslim Ummah has all the resources, but it is the victim of disunity, while analysis the reasons of disunity, suggest measures to maintain unity amount the Muslim Ummah
• • • • • • • • • • Concept of Ummah The Past_Glorious The Present_Turmoil The Future_ ?????
Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah Causes of debacle Responsibilities Suggestions Problems in Implementation Epilogue
The phrase
Ummah
in the Qur'an of the Islamic world unified.
refers to all The Quran says: “You [Muslims] are the best nation brought out for Mankind, commanding what is righteous ( Ma'ruf , lit. "recognized [as good]") and forbidding what is wrong ( [3:110].
Munkar , lit. "unrecognized [as good]")…”
“The Muslims, regardless of their origin, irrespective of their geographical boundaries and racial characteristics are one Ummah” (The Convention of Madina)
Pan-Islamism is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state — often a Caliphate Religious nationalism, Pan-Islamism differentiates itself from other pan nationalistic ideologies
• • • Allama Iqbal: – All the Muslims beyond any difference of color, caste, nation, state, ideology at the basis of religion are called Muslim Ummah.
Syed Jamal-ud-din Afghani:
– All the Muslim states constitute Ummah. He was preacher of Pa Islamism.
Shah Wali Ullah:
– Muslims belonging to Muslim states only constitute Muslim Ummah.
– Muslims present in any part of the world are part of Muslim Ummah.
Muslim Ummah has Glorious History which Produced; ◦ Great Generals,Reformers, Thinkers, Scientists, Scholars and Astronomers Today Muslims face a Common Threat of their Survival Rise and fall is a social phenomenon, may be Muslim Ummah is facing its logical correction
We are all Muslims, we believe in one God i.e. Almighty Allah, we believe in one Prophet i.e. Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe wa Aal-e-hee Wasallam) and we all have the book of Allah i.e. Qur'an.
• • • This difference in approaches on purely a political issue divided the Muslims permanently. However, there were no differences among Muslims regarding Islamic Jurisprudence and worshipping (Ibadaat).
If some differences occasionally appeared among them, they never considered it as a difference that could divide Muslims.
Development of Islamic Jurisprudence (The science of Fiqah), four Ahle Sunnat Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence, Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Malik, Imam Shafi'e and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal learnt Islamic Jurisprudence from Imams of Ahle Bait Imam Abu Hanifa was a student of Imam Ja'ffar us Sadiq The major division among Muslims in Jurisprudence occurred when the Science of Fiqah (Islamic Jurisprudence) became a formal subject, the Sunni Muslims were divided into four Madhahib (ways), HANAFI, MALKI, SHAFI'E AND HANBALI.
The local nationalism was never preferred over the worldwide Islamic brotherhood. Imam Muslim, Imam Bukhari, Imam Trmidhi and many other Imams and scholars of Islam were non Arabs but no one felt that they were from n Muslims were the leaders in setting up the standards for the rest of the world. Muslims were educators, scientists, doctors, engineers, commanders, etc. Muslims were the leaders and model for other communities and nations
After almost 13 centuries of Muslim rule, the focus of Muslim Ummah changed. What Qur'an describes the attributes of Muslims as, ◦ ◦ "They (Muslims) are very kind among themselves but very hard on Kuffaar".
Muslims slowly adopted the opposite attributes. They became very kind to KUFFAAR and very hard and cruel to
Touheed Cant be changed Risalat , West develop and support few Muslims who are willing to challenge the honour and authority of Muhammad (peace be upon him). Holy Book, we believe that Qur'an is the word of God and can not be changed.
West develop and support those Muslims scholars who will be able to provide "new" meanings to the Qur'anic verses and interpret them "differently"
Period of Nabuwat Period of Khilafat Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) Iran, Iraq, Palestine and Egypt were conquered. Hazrat Usman (R.A) Afghanistan, Qabris, Tunis and Moroco were conquered. Hazrat Ali (R.A) ◦ Jang-e-Nehrwan with Kharji, Jang-e-Jaml with Hazrat Ayesha (R.A) and Jang-e-Safeen with Ameer Muawia.
During the period of H Ameer Muawia Muslims got military strength. After Ameer Muawia long chain of government is being followed.
Muawia---Yazid---Muawia II---Merwan---Abdul Malik---Waleed Bin Malik In the period of Waleed Bin Malik great victories came in part of Muslims. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered Sindh Qateebah Bin Muslim Conquered Turkistan Tariq Bin Ziyad conquered Spain, Portugal Musa Bin Naseer conquered Undlus, Africa After this Islam emerged as power and penetrated in whole world quickly.
Alexander Hazrat Umer (R.A)
The Great
Sulaman Akber
◦ Period of Umer Bin Abdul Aziz Hasham Bin Malik ruled over Central Asia, Roam Periodof Khilafat-e-Bnu Abbas Haroon-ur-Rasheed laid stress on education and he developed schools and colleges to spread education. Muslims got strength in education in his period.
◦ ◦ Umayyad Lost control of the empire in 750, but set up control of Muslim lands in Spain Abbasids ◦ Took over the empire from the Umayyad Dynasty, moving the capital from Damascus to Baghdad Fatimid An off-shoot of the Abbasids, they controlled most of North Africa and Western Arabia
Bring the period 300-400AH Khilafat was divided. Aal-e-boya Iran Fatimi Egypt Ghazni Alpatagin Banu Idrees Africa Umvi Undlus From 400-500 AH Shia-Suni split happened.
500-600 Crusades (Noor-ud-Din Zangi and Salah-u-Din Ayubi) 600-700 was a period of Tatars attacks and falloff Baghdad 1258 First Qibla captured by Crusaders 700-800 Ameer Taimoor-Mahood Garan accepted Islam. And havoc was turned 800-900 height of Ottoman Empire Rule of Banu Abbass ended in 923 AH 900-1000 Saleem Usmani, Ottoman Empire
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was originally intended to conquer Muslim -controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt . In 204 Constantinople , capital of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire ). The Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 by the Fourth Crusade , when it was dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261
1000-1100 period of fall 1100-1200 wars with Russia, Astria, Attack of Abdalli,Durrani on India 1200-1300 Egypt Vs Ottomans, rebellion in Bosnia, Napoleon’s attacks, Wahabiz at Hijaz 1300-1400 fall of Khilafat I-WW, II-WW
Muslims enjoyed victories They had strong military They were at peak in education, justice and culture They were one Ummah They had strong economy and Jihad was basic tool of strong economy.
Jihad Self Finance Pen Qittal Social Economy Distribution of Wealth Education War Economy Lisan Media
The conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Algeria, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Iraq,Lebyia, Palestine, Syria
Think of any !!!
Organization of Islamic Cooperation-OIC
ECO
Arab League
African Union
UNO 57 Members
No Veto
Geostrategic importance Combine location of most Islamic states Universal Religion 99% literacy rate in CARs, 57 % in Pakistan, Iran exhibit high scientific publication growth arte in 2009 From seven three great : Egyptian, Gandhara, Indus/Moenjodaro Civilizations are in Muslim Countries
Collective population of member states is 1.6 billion as 2009 10 Combined GDP of $ 13 Trillion Turkey had highest GDP on 2010 among OIC members as $ 729 Billion OPEP: Except Venezuela 34% oil contribution comes from Muslim world In Euro Zone, 575 B$ contribution is of Arab world in insurance banking and stock exchange.
Trillion $ OIC % of World World Arab League GDP (PPP)
5,664
6.81% 83,120 2,323
European Union
12,180
Exports
1,392 13.47% 10,330 1,318
Imports
933 9.03% 10,300 1,402
17 26 27 2 3 4 15 16
Rank
— — 1
Country
World European Union
United States China, India Japan Indonesia Turkey Iran Egypt Pakistan
GDP $Million
78,852,864 15,788,584 15,064,816 11,316,224 4,469,763 4,395,600 1,122,638 1,054,560 930,236 516,181 489,436
Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
country
Qatar Liechtenstein Luxembourg Bermuda Singapore Jersey Norway Brunei United Arab Emirates Kuwait
GDP - per capita (PPP) Date of Information
$ 179,000 2010 est. $ 141,100 2008 est. $ 82,600 $ 69,900 $ 62,100 2010 est. 2004 est. 2010 est. $ 57,000 $ 54,600 $ 51,600 $ 49,600 $ 48,900 2005 est. 2010 est. 2010 est. 2010 est. 2010 est.
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Measures each country's progress toward democratic governance through multiple variables Governance Freedom HDI Religious liberty. Economic Freedom
Only three of these countries—Mali, Guyana, and Suriname, together representing less than 1 percent of the Muslims present in the survey group—are considered full democracies. The rest of the countries in the index are considered partial democracies or partial autocracies, with four countries— Chad, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Uzbekistan, together representing almost 20 percent of the population—being full autocracies Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa is the exception rather than the rule
Countries must determine how much of their money to spend on guns—order and security—and butter, that is, spending that enhances social harmony and economic prosperity. The Status of Democracy Index score serves to illustrate the guns versus butter dilemma.
The greater percentage of Muslims a country had relative to its overall population, the lower its SDI score The higher a country's GDP per capita, the lower its SDI score The greater percentage of a country's GDP that is devoted to military expenditures, the lower its SDI score The greater a country's military expenditure percentage, the lower its SDI
Illiteracy Terrorism Poverty-HDI Autocracy-SDI Far behind in Science and Technology No Veto Powers Concentration of wealth Redefining the role of women Lack of Institutional Ijtehad Occupied Lands War ridden Economies
Best: Jordan & Kuwait Worst: Djibouti, Yemen, Iraq and Morocco ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Study of Arab league: ◦ 30% of Arab population are illiterate.
0.3% of GDP of Arab States is devoted to scientific research. $5-7 per capita is spent on R&D in Arab States.
$1000 per capita is spent on R&D in China.
600 research centers in Arab world vs 1500 in France alone.
30% of scientists in the US are from Arab countries
Forgetting Shariah Materialism Internal conflicts-Division ◦ Nationalism -Regionalism (Arab, Non Arab or Arab, African) ◦ Sectarian Internal and International conspiracies Illiteracy, poverty and conservatism Leaving Jihad and spirituality
Acting off beam philosophies including deen-eIlahi, Wahdat-ul-Wujood, Mootazilla Aqeedat and Taqleed, Khangahi approach Irrational customs-Innovations and Biddat ◦ ◦ ◦ Traitors ◦ 1757, Battle Palassi, Nawab Siraj-ud-Dola 1799, Saranga Patam, Tipu Sultan 1857, Dehli, Bahadur Shah Zafar 1739, Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk Meer Jaffar was traitor of Tipu Sultan and Meer Sadiq was traitor of Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk
Understanding, implementation and preaching of shariah- Religious Establishment of Khilafat/Shariah-Political Jihad-Economic Ijtehad-Educational
Attainment of Veto power by Muslim countries Islamic banking system, which ensures a system of interest and exploitation free principles Effective Political role of OIC Collective media of all countries to protect Muslim world Common currency Less reliance on USD Common trade market Common court of justice Institutional Ijtehad Development of Science and Technology
Linguistic issues Inter and intra country Economic disparity Leadership crises ◦ Political, military and economic strengths are distributed. Iran is politically strong, Pakistan had influential military, and KSA is economically rich, Together Muslim world can bring revolution Disparity between population and physical area
Political Problems
• • • • • Territorial Disputes Ethnic Clashes Dictatorships Monarchies Fragile Political Governments
Economic Problems • Muslims Represents 1/5 Possess 70% of World’s Energy Resources, 40% of available raw material th of World’s Population, • • The Total GDP of Muslim Countries = 5% of World’s GDP Entire GDP of OIC States = 4300 Billion US $ and Japan = 5500 Billion US $
Social Problems • • • • Nationalism and Sectarianism Jihad and Terrorism Absorption of Foreign Culture Clash of Civilization
Educational Decay
• • • Lack of Creativity and Innovation Failure to Promote Technical Education Failure to Educate Women
According to the Question ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Good Governance Models of Pakistan-Army and Nuke Turkey- Modernization Iran-Oil and Political Will KSA_ Religion and Economy Malaysia-Development and Governance
Biology: Geology: Theology: Technology: Ideology: The political role of death.
Recovering from the curse of oil.
Not all Islamists are Bin Laden.
free public sphere.
The end of Sectarianism
1.
Mass-initiated (revolutionary transitions). 2.
Elite- Led. 3.
Occupation. 4.
Naïve liberalization.
5.
Negotiated Exit. For democracy to consolidate, a strong commitment to democracy on the parts of elite and masses (i.e. political participation) should be present.
“Democracy-friendly” aspects of Islam such as shura.
ijtihad.
racial equality.
Islam’s sensitivity to the needs of the poor and weak.
Respect for order.
Islam’s sense of justice.
“Democracy-challenging” aspects of Islam Democracy as people-focused doctrine while tawheed (oneness of God) as piety focused doctrine.
Beda’a Ijma’a (disguised innovation).
that delegitmizes dissent and opposition.
The unequal status of women and non-Muslims in Islam.
The link between mosque and monarch.
Democracy as a “Label” Hardware for Democracy: “Institutions and Procedures” Software for Democracy: “Socio-Political and Religious Tolerance”
Countries that has 480 or more respondents. Including 4 countries where Muslims are minorities: USA, EU, and India.
Total of 33 countries. 91 Iraqis residing in the Arab world are included.
Hardware for Democracy: Institutions and Procedures Software for Democracy: Socio-Political and Religious Tolerance”
Traditionalist Islamists (Deductionists) Modernist Islamists (combination) Secularist Muslims (Inductionists)
?? is Islamic if it is explicitly accepted by the Qura’an and Sunni and forms (quasi-) consensus among ‘Ulama.
?? is Islamic if it does not contradict with the Qura’an and Sunni.
Tell me what is good for society, I will get you what will support it from the Qura’an and Sunni.
They fear imitating non Muslims since it is
innovation
. It is not imitation, it is
wisdom
. Innovation is better than
blind imitation.
65 63 61 59 71 69 67 43 41 39 37 35 49 47 45 57 55 53 51
UAE Libya Oman S.Arabia
Yemen 40 45 Relatively Least Democratizable Cultures 50 Gambia Turkmenistan Iraq Indonesia Lebanon Sudan Pakistan Nigeria Tajikistan
Relatively Least Democratizatble Cultures
Qatar
Relatively Most Democratizable Cultures
Turkey Albania USA Egypt Morocco India Malaysia Senegal Mali Bangladesh Europe Iran Tunisia Bahrain Average Algeria Kuwait Jordan Syria 55 60 65 Support for Democratic Hardware 70 75 80
Iraq Turkey Jordan Pakistan Egypt Sudan S. Arabia
UK India France
Afghan Iran
USA
None Total Support Democracy Freq.
43 102 173 311 395 398 401 503 546 955 2,989 3,372 4,072 9,883 24,365 Respondents’ Ideal Political Systems (%) (1) Total 0.18
0.42
0.71
1.28
1.62
1.63
1.65
2.06
2.24
3.92
12.27
13.84
16.71
40.56
100 24.93
(2) Select-ing Own Count-ry 0 12 11 8 3 15 14 34 23 31 27 37 (3) Modern ists 0 18 5 1 2 5 1 10 6 7 3 17 11 14 100 34 (4) Tradition alists (5) Autocr-ats (6) Pluralists 0 1 2 4 1 12 14 1 0 0 14 3 0 48 100 1 11 5 21 18 19 9 1 1 2 1 2 6 2 2 100 6 0 22 10 4 6 3 0 14 12 10 0 6 12 1 100 48
Blaming the West for the continuation and spread for dictatorships in the Muslims world . The attitudes toward political Islam measured by Muslims’ attitudes toward the concept of Islam as a religion and state were not found to be helpful in explaining the attitudes of Muslims toward democratic hardware at all.
Muslims and Arabs are too heterogeneous to be studied in a lump sum way of thinking.
Not all secular Muslims are liberal and not all Islamists are anti-democracy.
Some do bark: some countries’ political cultures are compatible with democracy -- search elsewhere for why they do not democratize.
Some countries’ political cultures are clear obstacles to democratization.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reasons for success Muhammad’s desire to spread Islam North Disciplined and well commanded armies Persecution suffered by people under Byzantine and Sassanid rule b/c they didn’t support state religion Muslims allowed conquered peoples to follow their own religion, but not spread it, as long as they paid the tax
A.
Society 1.
Rise of Muslim Cities 2.
Many cultures combined Attracted many people Baghdad approaches 1 million people 4 Social Classes: Upper class—Muslim at birth Second Class—converts to Islam Third Class—”protected peoples” included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians Lowest Class—slaves (POWs; all non-Muslims)
1300-1700
The Ottomans The Safavids The Mughals
Anatolian Turks:
ghazis
, warriors for Islam Formed military societies and invaded the territories of
infidels
believe in Islam , people who did not Osman: successful ghazi, his followers were called Ottomans Success and expansion until stopped by Timur the Lame
4 powerful sultans led Ottoman Empire until 1566 1453: took Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) under Mehmed the Conqueror ◦ 1514: defeated the Safavid under Selim the Grim Continued on to take Mecca, Medina and Cairo
Suleyman the Lawgiver and Suleyman the Magnificent Continued to expand the empire into Central Europe, North Africa and Central Asia Structured social organization: law code, simplified taxes and government Tolerance of religious and cultural differences
Istanbul, Turkey
◦ ◦ Pattern of gaining power and holding power The practices of the sultans led to weak leaders and the decline of the empire Suleyman killed his most capable son and sent another into exile Selim II inherited the throne
Major influences: Persians, Ottomans, Arabs Located between the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire Strong military force Leader Isma’il became a religious tyrant and controlled Persia, (now Iran) and took the ancient Persian title of shah (meaning king) Defeated by Ottomans in 1514, set present day border between Iraq and Iran
◦ Shah Abbas, also called Abbas the Great, helped create a Safavid culture that drew from the best of the Ottoman, Persian and Arab worlds Reforms and respect for military and civilian life Tolerance for other religions and cultures Encouraged industry, trade and art exchanges with European nations Built a beautiful new capital at Esfahan with influences from all over Europe and Asia