Transcript Matlin, Cognition, 7e, Chapter 3: Perceptual Processes II: Attention

Cognition
Chapter 3
Perceptual Processes II:
Attention and
Consciousness
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Introduction
attention
top-down and bottom-up processing
attention and visual phenomena
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Divided Attention
trying to pay attention to two or more
simultaneous messages
 perform two tasks at the same time

Simulated-driving studies
Levy and coauthors (2006)
braking & tone
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Divided Attention
Simulated-driving studies (continued)
Strayer and colleagues (2003)
hands-free cell phones, traffic, braking
inattentional blindness
Wikman and colleagues (1998)
experienced drivers vs. novices
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Driven to distraction: dual-Task
studies of simulated driving and
conversing on a cellular telephone
Performance was not disrupted by
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Listening to radio broadcasts or listening to a book on tape.
A continuous shadowing task using a handheld phone, ruling
out, in this case, dual-task interpretations associated with
holding the phone, listening, or speaking,
Significant interference was observed in a word-generation
variant of the shadowing task, and this deficit increased with
the difficulty of driving.
Unconstrained conversations using either a handheld or a
hands-free cell phone resulted in a twofold increase in the
failure to detect simulated traffic signals and slower reactions
to those signals that were detected.
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Driving Simulator Videos
from APPLIED COGNITION LAB at
Univ. of Utah
http://www.psych.utah.edu/lab/appliedcog
nition/news.html
Driving + Phone Conversation
Driving + Passenger Conversation
Driving + Text Messaging
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Selective Attention
respond selectively to certain kinds of information,
while ignoring other information
people notice little about the irrelevant tasks
Dichotic Listening
one message presented to left ear and a different
message presented to right ear
shadow one of the messages
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Selective Attention
Dichotic Listening (continued)
people notice very little about the unattended
message
in general, we can process only one message at a
time
may process the unattended message when
1. both messages are presented slowly
2. the task is not challenging
3. the meaning of the unattended message is relevant
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Selective Attention
Dichotic Listening (continued)
cocktail party effect
Specialized cells that
scan relatively long stretches of sound, to pick out a particular
vocal feature, despite all the background noise
tell other brain cells in the area to stay quiet, to stop
responding to the background noise
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Selective Attention
The Stroop Effect
naming the colors of words
incongruent words vs. colored patches
practice
emotional Stroop task—naming the ink color of
words related to a psychological disorder
explanations in terms of PDP and automatic
processing
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Congruous
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Incongruous
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
Selective Attention
Visual Search
more accurate if the target appears frequently
1. The isolated-feature/combined-feature effect
Treisman and Gelade (1980)—searching for blue Xs
2. The feature-present/feature-absent effect
Treisman and Souther (1985)—searching for "circle with the
line" or "circle without the line"
Royden and colleagues (2001)—moving vs. stationary
targets
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Visual Search
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements
eye movements during reading
saccadic eye movement
fovea
fixation
perceptual span
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Three Kinds of Attention
Processes
In Depth: Saccadic Eye Movements
(continued)
patterns—blank spaces, short words, highly
predictable words, misspellings, unusual words
good readers vs. poor readers—size of saccadic
movements, regressions, pauses
meaning of the text—themes, puzzling endings
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Explanations for
Attention
Neuroscience Research on Attention
The Orienting Attention Network
selecting information from sensory input
visual search
parietal lobe
brain lesions
unilateral neglect
PET scans
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Cerebral Cortex &
Attention
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Explanations for
Attention
Neuroscience Research on Attention
The Executive Attention Network
used when task features conflict
inhibiting automatic responses to stimuli
Stroop task
listening to words and stating use of each word
top-down control of attention
academic learning
The Alerting Attention Network—responsible
for sensitivity to new stimuli, alertness, vigilance
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Explanations for
Attention
Theories of Attention
Early Theories of Attention
Bottleneck theories
information either passes through bottleneck or is lost
too simple
information not lost at just one phase of the attention process
attention as many separable processes
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Explanations for
Attention
Theories of Attention
Feature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
1. The basic elements
distributed attention
all parts of the scene processed at the same time
register features automatically
parallel processing
low-level processing
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Explanations for
Attention
Theories of Attention
Feature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
What do we focus on?
Preattentive Stage: perception of
primitives - these are perceived before the
object is recognized
Curvature
Tilt
Line ends
Movement
Color
Brightness
Direction of illumination
What do we focus on?
Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives orientation, contours, curvature, color and
movement
What do we focus on?
Preattentive Stage: perception of primitives texture differences produce “pop-out” boundaries
Explanations for Attention
Theories of Attention
Feature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
2. Research on the theory
isolated features vs. combined features
distributed attention vs. focused attention
feature-present/feature-absent effect
illusory conjunction—inappropriate combination of features
binding problem
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Explanations for
Attention
Theories of Attention
Feature-Integration Theory (Anne Treisman)
3. Current status of the theory
role of practice
distributed attention can occasionally resemble focused
attention
looking for explanations at the cellular level
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Consciousness
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the awareness people have about the outside
world and about their perceptions, images,
thoughts, memories, and feelings
generally associated with controlled, focused
attention that is not automatic
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Consciousness
Consciousness About Our Higher Mental
Processes
Nisbett & Wilson (1977)
little direct access to our thought processes
products vs. processes
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Consciousness
Consciousness About Our Higher Mental
Processes
we have only limited access to some thought
processes such as:
• whether our attention is drifting
• how well we understand something we have read
• our awareness of step-by-step procedures in a
motor activity that has become automatic
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3
Consciousness
Thought Suppression
ironic effects of mental control
Wegner—Tolstoy's "white bear" task
rebound effect
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Consciousness
Individual Differences: Thought
Suppression and Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
obsession
compulsion
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
"white bear" task
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Consciousness
Blindsight
vision without awareness
damage to visual cortex
can still identify some visual attributes of stimulus
reported as "not seen" (no conscious
awareness of object)
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
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Consciousness
Blindsight
Explanations—portion of the information from
the retina travels to other locations on the
cerebral cortex, outside the visual cortex
primary visual cortex necessary for conscious
awareness of visual information
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin
Chapter 3