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C H A P T E R

The Respiratory System

The _______ zone includes the alveoli, and the _______ zone includes the trachea.

a) b)

d) conducting; respiratory transport; ventilation

respiratory; conducting

Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed or destroyed by _______.

a) b)

d) mucus vibrissae

conchae

Breathing air through the nose serves multiple functions. What function would be increased when breathing dry air?

a) b) c)

Warming the air Delivering the air to the lungs Providing a resonance chamber for speech

Humidifying the air

Surface area in the nasal cavity is increased by the presence of ________.

c) d) olfactory folds

conchae

People who have their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring are having their ________ removed.

a) b) c)

nasal septum choanae conchae

pharyngeal tonsils

Occasionally food or liquids will "go down the wrong pipe," initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens?

a) b)

d) Laryngopharynx Uvula

Epiglottis

Men tend to have deeper voices than women because their vocal cords _______.

a) b) c)

have a wider opening are shorter and narrower have a narrower opening

are longer and thicker

The most violent coughing is initiated when foreign objects contact the _______ of the trachea.

b) c) d)

carina

Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone?

a) b) c)

Primary bronchi Lobar bronchi Terminal bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

The respiratory membrane is composed of ________.

a) b) c) d) the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane the fusion of the type I and type II alveolar cells the cells found between the alveolar pores © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The respiratory membrane is composed of ________.

c) d) the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries

the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane

How is it possible to remove a section of lung without damaging neighboring sections?

a) b) c) d) The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.

Surgeons cauterize any freshly cut portion of the lung to seal it.

Lungs are actually comprised of multiple separate structures, each served by its own bronchus.

It isn't possible to perform this type of surgery on the lungs.

How is it possible to remove a section of lung without damaging neighboring sections?

b) c) d)

The bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by connective tissue septa.

Surgeons cauterize any freshly cut portion of the lung to seal it.

Lungs are actually comprised of multiple separate structures, each served by its own bronchus.

It isn't possible to perform this type of surgery on the lungs.

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________.

b) c) d)

intrapulmonary pressure

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

a) b) c) d) The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them.

The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion.

The lungs would immediately collapse.

The lungs would remain unchanged.

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

a) b)

d) The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them.

The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion.

The lungs would immediately collapse.

The lungs would remain unchanged.

_________ is caused by a transpulmonary pressure greater than zero.

b) c) d)

A pneumothorax

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of __________.

a) b)

d) the diaphragm the abdominal muscles

atmospheric pressure

During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.

b) c) d)

constricted; dilate

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______.

a) b)

d) mucus; traps bacteria cilia; clear mucus from the trachea

surfactant; lowers surface tension

The typical volume of air involved in alveolar ventilation is ______ ml.

c) d) 150

350

Which of the following is true?

a) b) c) d) Chronic bronchitis is a restrictive disease.

Tuberculosis is an obstructive pulmonary disease.

TLC increases for restrictive diseases.

RV increases with obstructive diseases.

Which of the following is true?

a) b) c)

Chronic bronchitis is a restrictive disease.

Tuberculosis is an obstructive pulmonary disease.

TLC increases for restrictive diseases.

RV increases with obstructive diseases.

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the _______ and is needed to _______.

a) b) c) d) tidal volume; acquire adequate O 2 vital capacity; remove adequate CO 2 functional residual capacity; keep alveoli patent residual volume; keep alveoli patent © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the _______ and is needed to _______.

a) b) c)

tidal volume; acquire adequate O 2 vital capacity; remove adequate CO 2 functional residual capacity; keep alveoli patent

residual volume; keep alveoli patent

Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ______.

c) d) CO 2 and O 2

N 2 and O 2

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______.

b) c) d)

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Why is the rate of CO 2 equivalent to that of O 2 exchange roughly despite its less steep pressure gradient?

a) b) c) d) CO 2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells.

CO 2 binds to O 2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously.

CO 2 is more soluble in water than is O 2 .

CO 2 is actively transported into the alveoli.

Why is the rate of CO 2 equivalent to that of O 2 exchange roughly despite its less steep pressure gradient?

a) b)

d) CO 2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells.

CO 2 binds to O 2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously.

CO 2 is more soluble in water than is O 2 .

CO 2 is actively transported into the alveoli.

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ______ molecule(s) of O 2 .

a) b) c)

one two three

four

Why is it possible to deliver more O 2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output?

a) b) c) d) It isn't: a small decrease in P O2 unloading.

has little effect on hemoglobin Once one molecule of O 2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly.

At a P O2 between 0 and 40, hemoglobin saturation changes rapidly and a greater degree of unloading occurs with even small changes in P O2 .

CO 2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O 2 binding to hemoglobin.

Why is it possible to deliver more O 2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output?

a) b)

d) It isn't: a small decrease in P O2 unloading.

has little effect on hemoglobin Once one molecule of O 2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly.

At a P O2 between 0 and 40, hemoglobin saturation changes rapidly and a greater degree of unloading occurs with even small changes in P O2 .

CO 2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O 2 binding to hemoglobin.

The Bohr effect describes _________.

a) b) c) d) a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve enhanced cooperation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve the conformational structures of hemoglobin as it picks up oxygen in the lungs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Bohr effect describes _________.

a) b)

d) a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve enhanced cooperation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs

a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Red blood cells contain the enzyme _______, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.

b) c) d)

carbonic anhydrase

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to _______.

a) b) c) d) provide chlorine to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells counterbalance the exodus of H + from red blood cells convert chloride ions to bicarbonate ions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to _______.

c) d) provide chlorine to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells

The _________ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.

b) c) d)

VRG

________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration.

a) b) c)

O 2 N H 2 O

CO 2

_______ is produced by the _______ in response to low blood oxygen levels.

a) b)

d) Growth hormone, pituitary gland Hematopoietin, bone marrow

Erythropoietin, kidneys

Loss of lung elasticity and destruction of alveolar walls is termed _______.

c) d) asthma

emphysema

chapter review questions

Transcript chapter review questions

The Respiratory System

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