Transcript Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

Introduction to Phonetics and
Phonology
Plosives
• also called STOP CONSONANTS
• the breath is completely stopped at some point
•
•
•
in the mouth and then released with a slight
explosion
speech organs which may form plosives: lips
(bilabial plosives), tip of the tongue (alveolar
plosives), back of the tongue (velar plosives)
all six plosives (/p, b, t, d, k, g/) may occur at
the beginning of words, in the middle of words
and at the end of words
these positions are important because plosives
are articulated differently in different positions
/p, b/
• bilabial plosives
• the lips are closed firmly, the soft palate is raised
•
•
so that the air cannot go through the nose, but
is trapped in the mouth for a while
when the lips open suddenly, the air rushes out
with a slight explosion or a popping noise
before the lips open, other speech organs
assume the position for the following sound,
whether it be a vowel or a consonant
• /p/ - strong, voiceless
• /b/ - weak, voiced
• when /p/ is found at the beginning of a word, it
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
has a special feature – ASPIRATION
e.g. pull, pot, put, pat, pet, pit
/p/ between vowels is less aspirated
e.g. happy, paper, supper, apply
in final position, /p/ is also less aspirated
e.g. rip, rope, tap, cap, wrap
/b/ never has aspiration
e.g. book, bar, back, bell, bit, bean
• /p/ at the end of words shortens the preceding
•
vowel, whereas /b/ is weak and lengthens the
preceding vowel
consonant clusters of /p/ or /b/ and other
plosives are produced a little differently (topic of
our next class)
/t, d/
• alveolar plosives
• the tip of the tongue is pressed against the
•
•
•
alveolar ridge
the soft palate is raised, the breath does not go
into the nasal cavity, it stays trapped in the
mouth for a while
the sides of the tongue are firmly pressed
against the sides of the palate so the air cannot
pass over the sides of the tongue
the tip of the tongue is lowered suddenly and
the air rushes out with a slight explosion or a
popping noise
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
/t/ is strong, voiceless and aspirated
e.g. top, tin, tan, ten, ton
/d/ is short, weak and never aspirated
when /t/ occurs word-medially, it loses some
aspiration
in final position, /t/ is also less aspirated and
shortens the vowel before it
/d/ is weak, makes very little noise but
lengthens the vowel that precedes it
when followed by other plosives or /m, n, l/, /t/
and /d/ are pronounced differently (topic of our
next class)
/k, g/
• velar plosives
• the back of the tongue is in contact with the soft
•
palate, which is raised, so the air cannot go into
the nasal cavity and is trapped in the mouth
when the tongue is lowered suddenly from the
soft palate, the breath rushes out of the mouth
with a slight explosion or a popping sound
• /k/ is strong, voiceless and aspirated
• e.g. cot, cat, cart, kill, keep
• when /k/ occurs between vowels, the aspiration
•
•
•
is weaker or even absent
/g/ is weak, voiced and has no aspiration
in final position, /k/ shortens the vowel before it,
/g/ lengthens the vowel before it
when /k/ and /g/ are followed by other plosives
or /m/ or /n/, these sounds are produced in a
different manner (topic of our next class)
Affricates
• /t, d/
• these two phonemes are articulated both with
•
•
•
•
friction and with explosion of air
tip of the tongue touches the back part of the
alveolar ridge
the soft palate is raised so that air is trapped in
the mouth for a short time
tip of the tongue moves away from the alveolar
ridge a little and then the tongue comes to the
position for // or //, when friction is heard
friction is not that long with these two
phonemes
• palato-alveolar affricates
• /t, d/ are not as strong as Serbian /č/ and
•
•
•
/dž/, they are much softer
/t/ is strong and voiceless
/d/ is weak and voiced
in final position, /t/ shortens the preceding
vowel, whereas /d/ lengthens the preceding
vowel
Glides
• all three consonants produced with a quick,
•
smooth, non-friction glide towards the vowel
that follows
/j, w, r/
/j/
• this consonant is a quick glide from the position
of /i:/ or // or any other vowel
• sometimes called a semi-vowel
• phonetically like a vowel (articulated in such a
way), but phonologically like a consonant (it only
occurs before vowel phonemes)
voiced palatal sound
•
• palatal glide
/w/
• this consonant is a quick glide from the position
of /u:/ or // or any other vowel that follows
• more difficult to pronounce than /j/, because
many languages, including Serbian, do not have
it
a difference must be made between /v/ and /w/
lips are noticeably rounded!
•
•
• bilabial glide
• /w/ does not occur in word-final positions
• wh-words in some dialects of English
pronounced with // (where, which, why)
/r/
• the tongue is curved, the tip is pointing towards
•
•
•
the hard palate
the tip of the tongue is not close enough to the
palate to produce friction
the lips are quite rounded, especially when /r/ is
word-initial
the soft palate is raised, voiced air flows quietly
between the tip of the tongue and palate
without friction
• palato-alveolar glide
• in RP /r/ is only pronounced before vowels,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
never before consonants
when a word ending in –r in spelling is followed
by another word which begins in a vowel, then
/r/ is pronounced
e.g. never again /nevr ’gen/
LINKING R
sometimes /r/ is heard when there is no
equivalent in spelling
e.g. Africa and Asia //
INTRUSIVE R
some speakers can be heard saying such
phrases, but it is not a preferred way of usage
Place of
articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Manner of
articulation
Plosive
p, b
Fricative
t, d
f, v
, 
s, z
m
Lateral
Glide
, 
h
t, d
Affricate
Nasal
k, g

n
l
w
r
j