PPT-National Parks
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Transcript PPT-National Parks
Progressivism
and
the National Park System
Mr. Phipps
U.S. History
California State Standards
11.8.6. Discuss the diverse environmental regions of
North America, their relationship to local
economies, and the origins and prospects of
environmental problems in those regions.
11.11.5. Trace the impact of, need for, and
controversies associated with environmental
conservation, expansion of the national park
system, and the development of environmental
protection laws, with particular attention to the
interaction between environmental protection
advocates and property rights advocates
Introduction
The National Park System
is intended for
• All public use
• For Education
• For Recreation
Our National Park System
provides
• A sense of history
• Protection of wildlife
• Protection of
important/unique
geographic features
• Patriotism
• Conservation of valuable
natural resources
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Timeline of Acts
(1864) Yosemite Act: First state park/preserve
(1872) Yellowstone Act: “Protect the Wonders”
(1890) Chickamauga Act: First war memorial
(1906) Antiquities Act: Authorized presidential power to create
parks
(1931) Predator Policy: Authorized parks as a “last stand” for victim
species
(1933) Civilian Conservation Corps: New Deal policy for
employment, conservation, and maintenance of parks.established
under $300,000,000
(1956-1966) Mission 66: Provided independent funding for park
rejuvenation
(1965) Concession Act: Guaranteed one concession per park
(1969) National Environmental Protection Act: Set ground rules
for Federal agencies
(1998) National Park Omnibus Management Ac: Improved
management of national parks
In the Beginning
State parks set aside to
protect and preserve
beauty
Parks received little more
than janitorial work
Problem: no central
organization and no laws
to govern them
Sec of the Interior, F. K.
Lane, needed a dept to
maintain the parks
Yellowstone, Yosemite,
and Sequoia
John Muir (1838-1914)
Background:
• Born in Scotland
• Immigrated to America in
1849.
• Dropped out into “university
of wilderness”.
Employment:
• Summer job of shepherd in
Yosemite sparked naturalist
interests
• Started the Sierra Club
"Most people are on the world, not
1892.
in it; have no conscious sympathy
or relationship to anything about
them, undiffused, separate, and
rigidly alone like marbles of
polished stone, touching but
separate.”
John Muir
Teddy Roosevelt
and John Muir atop
Hetch Hetchy
The Early Years: 1864-1932
American authors wrote about the problems of the cities, advocated a
return to nature
Yosemite commissioned first state park (1890), later upgraded to
national park (1906)
Chickamauga National Park (1890) First battlefield park
Earned recognition through President Theodore Roosevelt, who
advocated conservation and preservation as part of his Square Deal
National cemeteries already established after civil war
Roads build to encourage tourist auto access
Hetch Hetchy becomes the first major environmental debate: Should
the gov’t permit damming for electricity and water usage?
Commissioned Parks: Hot Springs, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Glacier,
Zion, Rocky Mtn., Mt. McKinley, Grand Teton, Hawaii Volcanoes
Stephen T. Mather (1867-1930)
First director of the
National Park
Administration (1916-1928)
for $4,500 annual salary
Selected national parks for
their uniqueness
Employed “quality” people,
such as veterans
Upgraded park grounds for
public appeal
“There will never come
an end to the good that
he has done”
Mathers Epitaph
Yellowstone: 1872
1870: Marked first “official”
exploration of the territory;
•
•
Gen. Henry D. Washburn led U.S.
cavalry to protect western settlers
from the Crow and Blackfeet
Legends of park spread through
word of mouth
1872: Congress passed act for
“enjoyment of the people”
Later acts included botany,
zoology, geology and
commercialism
Travel was recently available from
the N. Pacific RR, but unsafe
because of Chief Joseph and the
Nez Perce
Yosemite: 1890
Government responded
to environmental
degradation by the gold
diggers to keep the
tourism alive
John Muir Nat’l Park Bill
in 1890 established
area as state preserve
National guard spent 30
years to protect park
from poachers
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Ansel Adams
Started work for national
parks in 1919 as a janitor
for the Sierra Club HQ.
Love of nature sparked
by friend Francis Holm
Eastan, experimenting
with natural photography
Became main
photographer of the
natural beauty found in
the national parks
Kings Canyon becomes
a national park in 1940
under FDR
Aspen Grove
El Capitan,
Yosemite
Grand Tetons
Saguaro
Forest, Arizona
Saguaro Cactus,
Arizona
Pueblo, New Mexico
L.A. Freeway,
1960
National Park Service
National Park Service: Established
August 25, 1916
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“Our goal is to offer a window into
the historical richness of the
National Park System and the
opportunities it presents for
understanding who we are, where
we have been, and how we as a
society, might approach the future.”
Concessions
Started as liaisons between
private business, national
parks, and the government
Relationship changed as a
result of modern
transportation
• Railroad and automobiles
transformed transportation
• Required new routes and
services
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Mather appointed one
concessionary to each park
Awahnee Hotel, Yosemite Valley
From New Deal to Post War:
1933-1956
CCC provided disciplined program: 5 year plans finished in 1
season
Drop in funding during WWII resulted in a short decline in
National Park System
The expansion of the Grand Teton Nat’l park set sparks off
between state and congressional legislation
Historian, Bernard DeVoto suggested that the parks be closed
until they could be properly funded and operated
Everglades, Big Bend, Virgin Islands, Olympic, Kings Canyon,
and Grand Teton
The CCC Boys
Established 1933
New Deal reform to
employ young men in
conservation work
63,256 buildings, 3,116
lookout towers and 28,087
miles of trails; erected
405,037 signs, markers,
and monuments; planted
45 million trees; and
fought countless fires.
They developed more
than 800 state parks
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The Happy Days 1957-1980
The “Report of the Advisory Board on Wildlife Management in
the National Parks” inspired by naturalist authors resulted in a
permanent staff of scientists in each park to preserve the
"condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the
white man.”
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation est. 1962
1971- 180 million visitors
State of the Parks Report indicates significant problems:
overcrowding, overbuilding, and insufficient personnel to protect
the environment
Canyonlands, Guadalupe Mtn., North Cascades, Redwood
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1981-present
Continued tourism results in poor management,
ecosystem failure, and decline personnel morale
Over half of Yellowstone burned in a fire during 1981
1984--Bear interaction causes parts of Yellowstone to
be closed off from the public
1992= 75th birthday of Park service
Anthropocentrism vs Biocentrism: human or
animal/environmental focus
Great Basin, Channel Islands, Biscayne, Death
Valley, Joshua Tree, Great Sand Dunes, Black
Canyon
In Sum
The National Park Service oversees:
•
•
•
•
Over 390 units of land
Over 58 national parks
Over 84.4 million acres of land
Fundamental American historical sites (including
Ellis Island, the Statue of Liberty, etc)
• Preserves important sites to our common
American heritage
• Conserves natural resources, mineral resources,
rare geological resource, and numerous species