Transcript IIT Kanpur-Nov-11-ganga

Spatio-Temporal variability of Water
resources in the Ganga basin
By
Subashisa Dutta
Associate Professor
E-mail : [email protected]
Sattriya dance-Assam,
http://www.gurleenmehak.blo
gspot.com/
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
GUWAHATI, ASSAM-781039
For
National Students’ Conference On River Basin Planning
IIT Kanpur, 4 to 5th November 2011
Overview of the lecture
1. Spatio-temporal variation of surface water resources in the basin
( annual water yield, monsoon flow, non-monsoon flow,
lean month flow, dependable flow)
2. Current Ground water utilization : crop statistics and GIS analysis
3. Spatio-temporal variability of Ground water Resources in the Basin
4. Fertilizer application and crop productivity :
an indicator for non-point source pollution
5. Resilience in the Water Resources system: How long ?
2
Hydrological Storage, release function and interdependency
SM
P
ET
ET
Irrigation
Surface water
storage
Monsoon recharge
Ground water
storage
Q
Flood recharge
M
J
S
D
J
Q
M
Q
M
J
S
D
J
S
D
J
ET : Evapo-transpiration, P: Precipitation, SM: Snow Melting Run-off, Q: Discharge
Note for Ganga Basin:
•Ground water Irrigation controlled by the farmers and Agricultural Economy,
•Flood recharge depending upon the frequency of wet-Monsoon
•ET depending upon the distribution of Landuse/landcovers remains fairly constant
•Hydrological links between groundwater and surface water storage defined by Hydro-geological
characteristics
3
J
Study Area: Ganga River basin in Bihar
Data used:
1. Hydrological data
(1960 to 1992)
2. Satellite Altimetry data
(1993 to 2003)
3. Ground water level
data (2001 to 2009)
4. Agricultural
statistics (Crop
water requirement,
productivity, Area,
Crop type etc.)
5. Other ancillary
information (Bhuvan
satellite imagery,)
4
Hydrological Trends of the Ganga
river flow* at the downstream of Farakka
8
Flow in 104 cumec
7.5
7
6.5
Monthly peak flow
Pre-Surface water
development
Project
Ground water
development
Project
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
y = -0.014x + 33.77
3.5
3
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Flow in 104
cumec
Year
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
1970
Annual Water yield
y = -0.009x + 20.51
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
year
* Webster, J. P., Jian, J., Hopson, M. T., Paula, A. A., Chuang, H., Curry, J. A., Grossman, R. L., Palmer, T. N., Subiah, A. R.,
5
(2010) “Extended-range probabilistic forecasts of Ganges and Brahmaputra floods in Bangladesh.” Bulletin of the Am.
Met. Society., 2911.1.
Hydrological trends of Major tributary flows
Annual variation of water yield of the Kosi
river at Saptakosi station
Discharge (MCM)
60000
50000
40000
30000
Monsoon Water yield
Non-Monsoon Water yield
20000
Monsoon season
Water yield: 43215 MCM
Hydrological trend : Variable
Non-Monsoonal Season
Water yield: 9491 MCM
Hydrological trend : Fairly Constant
10000
0
Year
Monsoonal Water yield
120000
35000
30000
Non-Monsoonal Water yield
100000
25000
80000
20000
60000
15000
40000
10000
20000
5000
0
Monsoon season
Water yield: 72287 MCM
Hydrological trend : Variable
Non-Monsoonal Season
Water yield: 11467 MCM
Hydrological trend : Variable
0
1963-64
64-65
65-66
66-67
67-68
68-69
69-70
70-71
71-72
72-73
73-74
74-75
75-76
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
80-81
81-82
82-83
83-84
84-85
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
Discharge (MCM)
140000
Year
Annual variation of water yield of the Ghagra river at Turtipar station
6
* Report of the
2nd
Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
Flow duration curve and dependable annual water yield
Kosi River Basin
Ghaghra River Basin
Annual Inflow Yeild in MCM
Annual Inflow Yield in MCM
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
0
20
40
60
80
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
100
Probability of Exceedence
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
40
60
80
100
Annual Inflow Yield in MCM
Annual Inflow Yield in MCM
4000
20
40
60
80
Probability of Exceedence
100
Karmnasa River Basin
Punpun River Basin
0
20
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Probability of Exceedence
Probability of Exceedence
7
Long term Average February month flow in Ganga river
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
Kosi
Mahananda
(1487)
723
899
1184
217
712
Ghaghra
Gomti
215
Ramganga
Ground
water(Buxar
to
Azamabad)
Mahananda
Buxar
Chambal
393
Azamabad
Sone
3164
349
106
67
228
Main
Ganga
3888
Indo-Bangladesh
Border
Farakka Barrage
Bhagirathi
Tons-Karmnasa
Yamuna
Findings:
Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water sharing treaty: 3888 MCM at
Farakka
Ground water contribution: 1487 MCM
* Report of the
Bay of
Bengal
2nd
Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
All data are 75% dependable flow (Million Cubic Meter)
8
Long term Average March month flow in Ganga river
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
365
Chambal
Yamuna
298
Sone
(1236)
Mahananda
Azamabad
3120
114
49
235
Main
Ganga
Kosi
767
922
1184
220
Buxar
715
Ghaghra
Gomti
199
Ramganga
Ground
water(Buxar
to
Azamabad)
Mahanandaa
Bay of
Bengal
3888
Indo-Bangladesh
Border
Farakka Barrage
Bhagirathi
Tons-Karmnasa
Findings:
Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water share treaty: 3888 MCM at
Farakka
Ground water contribution: 1236 MCM
All data are 75% dependable flow (Million Cubic Meter)
9
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
Long term Average April month flow in Ganga river
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
Ghaghra
Kosi
Mahananda
920
715
(502)
953
1018
228
Gomti
129
Ramganga
Ground
water(Buxar
to
Azamabad)
Mahanandaa
Buxar
Chambal
Yamuna
279
Azamabad
Sone
2967
246
215
31
246
Main
Ganga
Bay of
Bengal
3888
Indo-Bangladesh
Border
Farakka Barrage
Bhagirathi
Tons-Karmnasa
Findings:
Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water share treaty: 3888 MCM at Farakka
Ground water contribution in April Month : 502 MCM
Total three lean month flow
GW = 3225 MCM ( 27%), Kosi and Gandak River flow = 4552 MCM ( 40%),
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
U/S catchments at Buxer : 3386 MCM ( 29%)10
Satellite Altimetry measurement* for water level
44
(b)
y = 0.813x + 9.138
R² = 0.954
Altimetry River Stage
(m)
42
40
38
Main River
36
River Stage (m)
34
32
34
36
38
40
42
Observed River Stage (m)
Performance of Satellite altimetry for
water level prediction in Brahmaputra
Tributary
Minimum water level (m)
4
3
3.4 3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
2
1.5
1
1992
Wet land
3.7
3.5
1994
1996
1998
Year
2000
2002
Minimum water level variation from altimetry measurement
11
* http://www.legos.obs-mip.fr/soa/hydrologie/hydroweb
2004
Spatio-temporal variation of ground water depth
12
Analysis of Groundwater variation: Depletion, Recharge and withdrawal
13
* Report of the
2nd
Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
Water requirement for Agriculture system
Multiple cropping during Non-Monsoon season
Estimated Ground water irrigation = 9800 MCM
14
Total crop water requirement and Annual variation of recharge
2004: Flood year
15
Temporal variability of Groundwater and Potential recharge
60
Depletion
MSS (1970’s)
40
20
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Begusarai
2009
-20
Patna
Purnia
Recharge
-40
-60
-80
-100
Field photograph of a wetland
Temporal trend of annual recharge/depletion zones in three districts
TM (1990)
ETM (2000)
Flood Area
Flood inundation in Bihar in 2007 showing potential recharge zones
16
District-wise variation of fertilizer Application
17
Agriculture productivity and Fertilizer Application
18
Conclusion
Ground water irrigation, controlled by the farmers, is expected to
be the major water resources user ( 10,000 MCM to 15,000 MCM)
Conflict between Ground water irrigation and lean period flow in
the river
Wet monsoon year produces large-scale flood inundation based
recharge system
Availability of monsoon water yield is high and
management of the surface water projects
efficient
Now, the water resources system is at resilience stage.
How Long ?
19
ACADEMIC Building, IIT Guwahati
Thank You
Research Group
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dr Subashisa Dutta
Dr. Bimlesh Kumar
Dr Suresh A. Kartha
Amit Kr Dubey
Ikram Ali
Pritam Biswas
Sangita Devi
Titas Ganguly
Farmer in a wheat field
crop harvesting at Bihar