L I 2 0 1 3

R

EVIEW

1 ST M

IDTERM

N A T H A L I E F . M A R T I N

On the Exam ...

Here is what will be on the exam:

   Language: A Preview (chap. 1, O’Grady) Fields of linguistics (handout and Powerpoint) Phonetics (brief introduction done in class)  Morphology (chap. 4, O’Grady) ... In short, what we saw in class 

MORPHOLOGY

(chap. 4, O’Grady)  What you should know:     Def: Morphology Morphemes:  Free, bound morphemes Allomorphs Analysing Word Structure  Root, affix  Base  Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes  Derivation:  English derivational affixes  Complex derivation  Constraints in derivation  Two classes of derivational affixes

MORPHOLOGY (continued)

(chap. 4, O’Grady)  What you should know:    Inflection:  Inflections in English  Inflection vs. Derivation Compounding:  Properties of compounds  Endocentric and exocentric compounds  Compounding in other languages Other Morphological Phenomenon:  Processes: Internal change, suppletion, reduplication, tone placement / cliticization, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms, onomatopoeia, etc.

Correction of last week’s homework

 Exercise 9 (see p. 117) a) b)

Correction of last week’s homework

 Exercise 9 c)

Correction of last week’s homework

 Exercise 13 a) Inflectional b)

c)

d) e) Derivational

Inflectional* → lovely, lovelier, loveliest (p. 125)

Inflectional Derivation

Morphology Invent a word using this root : VACUUM

1.

2.

3.

4.

by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are no constrains to the combination).

And then adding a suffix.

Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have just created. What are the lexical categories of these words?

LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION

(chap. 1, O’Grady)  What you should know:  How humans are made to speak     What is language Linguistic competence vs. performance Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to language Grammar:  Generality, parity, universality, mutability, inaccessibility

Things you should know …

 What is language?

  Definiti0n: language, languages and speech Linguistic competence vs. performance

1.1 Specialization for Language

Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 2.

Organ Lungs Vocal Cords Tongue Teeth Survival

Exchange CO 2 for O 2 Cover tube to lungs Move food in mouth Chew food

Lips Nose

Seal oral cavity Breathing

Speech

Air flow Vibration Articulation Articulation Articulation Nasal resonance

Descriptive or Prescriptive?

  Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes », « you goes » and « all the people goes »).

It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t have nothing).

Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes ...

 Generality:  Parity:  

All languages have a grammar All grammars are equal

 Universality:  Mutability:  Inaccessibility:   

Grammars are alike in basic ways Grammars change over time Grammatical knowledge is subconscious

FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS

(handout and Powerpoint)  What you should know:  Linguistics    Fields of linguistics (handout and Powerpoint) Descriptive linguistics Applied linguistics

EARLY DAYS OF THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE 

Philology



Historical linguistics



Comparative linguistics

Objet:

ancient civilisations

Objet:

language(s) and it’s/their evolution

Objet:

comparison between languages

FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS ________________ ________________      Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics     Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics

PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction

(Handout and Powerpoint)  What you should know:     Introduction to phonetics Sounds of English  Consonants & vowels IPA chart (general) Transcription

IPA Consonants Chart

IPA Vowel Chart

IPA Glides (examples)

Phonetic Practice

1.

2.

Read these words phonetically and write them out using conventional English spelling.     [ mit ] [ ʃ uz ] [ skul ] [ mju z ɪ k ] Fill in the missing symbols.

 Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]   Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ] English = [ ɪ _ _ _ ɪ _]  Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]

H

AVE A NICE DAY

!

God bless you!

“Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling

and to present you blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen.” (

Jud 1:24-25 )