Parenting Styles
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Transcript Parenting Styles
4 Different Parenting Styles and their Effects on
Children
Dimensions of Parenting
Parental warmth – The
degree to which parents
are accepting, responsive,
and compassionate with
their children.
Parental control – The
degree to which parents
set limits, enforce rules,
and maintain discipline
with children.
Four styles of parenting
(Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Authoritarian
parents – Exert firm
control but are
rejecting or
unresponsive to their
children.
Warmth: Low
Control: High
1st Parenting Style:
AUTHORITARIAN
Parent:
Expect children to follow strict rules
Does not explain why rules should be obeyed
Punish children who disobey rules
Are controlling/power-oriented
Use verbal threats or spanking
1st Parenting Style:
AUTHORITARIAN
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Obedient
Proficient (good at what they do)
may view parent as enemy
May be confused about what is right/wrong
Have levels happiness & self-esteem compared to
children who do not have authoritarian parents
Authoritarian Style:
Limits without Freedom.
Parents’ word is law, parents have absolute control.
Misconduct is punished
Affection and praise are rarely give
Parents try to control children's’ behavior and
attitudes
They value unquestioned obedience
Children are told what to do, how to do it, and where
to do it, and when to do it.
Outcomes of Authoritarian Style
Blindly
Obedient
Distrustful
Withdrawn
Unhappy
Hostile
Not High
Achievers
Passive
Children from
authoritarian homes
are so strictly
controlled that they
are often prevented
from making their
own decisions
Four styles of parenting
(Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Permissive parents –
Warm but have little
control over their
children.
Warmth: High
Control: Low
2nd Parenting Style:
PERMISSIVE
Parent:
Has no firm rules, lenient
Accepts child as he/she is
Disciplines through love, praise and affection
Child can do no wrong
Communicates and nurtures child
Acts more like a friend than parent
2nd Parenting Style:
PERMISSIVE
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Dependent
Irresponsible / lack self-control
Immature
Experiences problems with authority
Experiences problems in school (i.e. completing
projects)
Permissive Style:
Freedom without limits
Parents allow their children to do their
own thing.
Little respect for order and routine.
Parents make few demands on
children.
Discipline is lax: rarely punish
Non controlling, non-demanding
Usually warm, indulgent
Children walk all over the parents
Outcome of Permissive Parenting
Aggressive
Least self-
reliant
Least selfcontrolled
Least
exploratory
Most unhappy
Children from
permissive homes
often get used to
having what they
want, but without
guidance; they can
be spoiled, aimless,
anxious, insecure,
rebellious
Four styles of parenting
(Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Rejecting/neglecting
parents – Don’t set
limits and are
unresponsive to their
children’s needs.
Warmth: Low
Control: Low
3rd Parenting Style:
UNINVOLVED
Parent:
Makes few demands
Low responsiveness to child
Detached from child, but fulfills his/her basic needs
In extreme cases parents REJECT or NEGLECT needs of
child
3rd Parenting Style:
UNINVOLVED
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Feel neglected / abandoned, have self-esteem
Lack self-control
Outcomes
Children raised by rejecting/neglecting parents fare
the worst of all.
Compared to other children, they show higher rates of
delinquency, alcohol and drug use, and early sexual
activities.
They perform more poorly in school and show other
disruptions in peer relations and cognitive
development (Park & Buriel, 1998).
Four styles of parenting
(Baumrind, 1973, 1991; Maccoby & Martin, 1983)
Authoritative
parents – Are warm
and exert firm control.
Warmth: High
Control: High
4th Parenting Style:
DEMOCRATIC or Authoritative
Parent:
Responsive
Supportive of child’s decisions
Guides and shows by example
Willing to discuss choices they or their child makes and the
reasoning behind these choices
Disciplinary methods are nurturing & forgiving ≠ punitive
Want child to be socially responsible, self-regulated, cooperative
4th Parenting Style:
DEMOCRATIC or Authoritative
Effects of Parenting Style on Child:
Good decision makers
Independent, but seek help when needed
Happy
Capable
Successful
Democratic (Authoritative):
Freedom within limits
Middle ground
Parents set reasonable limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests
interests, and questions.
Children contribute to discussion of issues and
make some of their own decisions
Exert firm control when necessary, but explain
reasoning behind it.
Loving, consistent, demanding
Combine control with encouragement
Outcomes of Democratic Style
Happy
Mostly self-
reliant
Friendly,
generous
Cooperative
High-achiever’
Less likely to be
disruptive or
delinquent
Children whose parents
expect them to perform
well, to fulfill
commitments, and to
participate actively in
family duties,
experience the
satisfaction that comes
from meeting
responsibilities and
achieving success.
Parental Control
Psychological control – Attempts at control that affect a
child’s psychological and emotional development (Barber,
1996). Includes inducting guilt, withdrawing love, or
shaming.
Behavioral control – “The claims parents make on children
to become integrated into the family whole, by their
maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and
willingness to confront the child who disobeys" (Baumrind,
1991, pp. 61-62).
(Darling, 1996)
Ways that parents can build a child's self-esteem:
Provide more
successes than
failures for the
child.
Give
unconditional
love.
Eliminate the
negative.
Give them
freedom to fail
with
acceptance.
Do not set
standards
unreasonably
high.
Give lots of
encouragement.
Allow
independence.
Avoid
ridicule.
Ways that parents can build a child's self-esteem:
Be available.
Give your children
responsibility
Take their ideas, emotions
and feelings seriously.
Set Limits
Be a good
role model.
Help your child
develop talents
Allow exploration and
encourage questions.
Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
Discipline – Techniques used to teach children
appropriate behavior.
Punishment – Techniques used to eliminate or reduce
undesirable behavior.
Often overemphasize punishment when disciplining
children.
84% of American adults state that “it is sometimes
necessary to discipline a child with a good hard spanking”
(Lehman, 1989; Straus, 1994).
Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
In the short run, spanking seems to work; however, in the
long run, spanking is not effective (Holden, 2002)
Models violent behavior
Creates fear of parents
Focuses on what not to do; does not teach what to do.
Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?
Children who are spanked are:
more physically violent and aggressive;
twice as likely to attack their siblings;
more likely to steal property, commit assaults, and commit
other delinquent acts; and
have lower moral standards and lower self-esteem (Straus,
1994; Straus, Sugarman, & Giles-Sims, 1997).
Outcomes are related to frequency, severity of spankings. All
findings are correlational.
Appropriate Discipline
Remember
Discipline refers to techniques used to teach children
appropriate behaviors; rather than punish.
No technique works all the time and right away.
Appropriate Discipline
Recommendations
Manage the situation
Set clear rules and limits
Praise good behavior
Use explanation and reasoning
If you must punish, try removing privileges or using timeouts (a
disciplinary technique that involves removing the child from the
situation and anything that is encouraging the misbehavior to
continue, placing the child in a safe and quiet environment).
Mothers and Fathers: Cooperating through
Thick and Thin?
Raising children puts a great strain on most marriages.
Vast majority of couples report a significant decline in
marital satisfaction in the first year after the births of their
first babies.
Most parents work outside the home.
When children are born, couples tend to move toward
more traditional gender roles.
Mothers spent 23 hours per week alone with children,
whereas fathers spent only 2 hours (Russell & Russell,
1987).
Mothers and Fathers: Cooperating through
Thick and Thin?
Types of time spent with mothers and fathers is
different.
Fathers’ play tends to be more physical and rough-and-
tumble, while mothers’ play tends to be more toyoriented and verbal (Park, 1996; Russell & Russell, 1987).
Cultural differences.
Questions
Which parenting style is the most effective?
Democratic ✔
Uninvolved ✗
Permissive ≈
Authoritarian ≈
What if parents do not share the same parenting style?
Need to have complementary parenting styles
Authoritarian + Permissive