Transcript Chapter 29
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 29 The World Between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World Between the Wars I. The Roaring Twenties II. Revolution: The First Waves III. The Global Great Depression IV. The Authoritarian Response World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World Between the Wars World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Roaring Twenties • Bouncing Back? – Enormous challenges • Optimism, creativity – Cubism • Women – Lose place in workforce – Gain voting rights World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Industrial Centers • Canada, Australia, New Zealand – Independence – British Commonwealth of Nations • United States – Isolationism – "Red scare" • Japan – Strong economy World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. From Dominions to Nationhood: Formation of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism • Rise, late 1800s • Benito Mussolini – Government, 1922 – Suspends elections, 1926 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism • The New Nations of East Central Europe • Authoritarian governments dominate World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Eastern Europe and The Soviet Union, 1919-1939 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Balance Sheet • Representative governments – e.g. Germany, Canada, Japan • Social change, economic prosperity • Democracy challenged – Italy, central Europe • American, Japanese powerful World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revolution: The First Waves • Mexico's Upheaval – Porfirio Díaz Ruler since 1876 – Economy Foreign control – Francisco Madero 1910, arrested Díaz wins election World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revolution: The First Waves • Mexico's Upheaval – Rebellion Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata Díaz removed 1913, Madero assassinated – Victoriano Huerta Returns to Díaz’s style of rule Forced from power, 1914 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mexico's Upheaval • General Alvaro Obregón • Civil war over by 1920 – Obregón first elected president • 1917, new constitution • Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) – Land redistributed Ejidos – Education expanded World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Mexico • Indian culture influential – Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco • Cristeros – Conservative peasant movement • PRI – Origins in 1920s World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism • Revolution breaks out, 1917 – Alexander Kerensky Provisional government • November, 1917 – Bolsheviks (Communist Party) – Lenin Closes parliament Congress of Soviets World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism • 1918-1921 – Reaction against communism World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stabilization of Russia’s Communist Regime • Leon Trotsky – Red Army • Lenin's New Economic Policy, 1921 • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Soviet Experimentation • Gains for workers, women • Lenin – Death, 1924 – Succeeded by Stalin World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Toward Revolution in China • Last Qing emperor abdicates, 1912 • Yuan Shikai – Heads coalition • Japan invades World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Sun Yat-sen – Revolutionary Alliance – Elected president, 1911 Parliament – Resigns, 1912 Yuan becomes president World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Japan – Twenty-one demands to Yuan – Yuan refuses – Control confirmed by Versailles • May 4, 1919 – Mass demonstrations – Call for Western political reform World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Li Dazhou – Marxism adopted to Chinese situation – Influences Mao Zedong • Communist Party of China, 1921 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang • Guomindang (Nationalist Party of China) – Sun Yat-sen – Allies with Communists – Supported by Soviet Union – Whampoa Military Academy, 1924 Chiang Kai-shek, first leader World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mao and the Peasant Option • Chiang Kai-shek – Succeeds as head of Guomindang, 1925 – Begins civil war, to 1949 • Mao Zedong – Long March to Shanxi, 1934 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Global Great Depression • Causation – Recession, 1920-1921 • The Debacle – October, 1929 – New York Stock Market crash • Depression deepens, 1929-1933 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Global Great Depression • Soviet Union – Immune • West – Welfare programs World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Responses to the Depression in Western Europe • Governments have little impact – Radicalism attractive • Popular Front, 1936 – Liberals, Socialists, Communists • The New Deal – Franklin Roosevelt World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Authoritarian Response • The Rise of Nazism – Fascism, 1920s World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolf Hitler • National Socialist party – 1932 elections • Anti-semitic • 1933, takes power • Totalitarian World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rhineland • Rhineland – Occupied, 1936 – No response • Anschlutz, 1938 • Sudetan Land, 1938-1939 • Invasion of Poland, 1939 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War • Mussolini – Ethiopia, 1935 • Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 – Germany, Italy support right – Russia, Western volunteers support left • Japan invades China, 1937 • Axis, 1940 – Germany, Italy, Japan World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Economic and Political Changes in Latin America • Economic expansion • Reaction to liberalism World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Great Crash and Latin American Responses • Conservatives – Corporatism • Fascism • Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) – Reform • Cuba – Revolution, 1933 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Vargas Regime in Brazil • 1929 Election – Civil war – Gétulio Vargas, president • Vargas – Reform – New constitution, 1937 Influenced by Mussolini – Suicide, 1954 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military • Economic collapse, 1929 – Nationalists Take control, 1943 • Juan d. Perón – Wife, Eva Duarte – Coalition government – Driven from power, 1955 – Maintains influence World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military • Death of Perón, 1974 – Return of military rule World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Militarization of Japan • Nationalists • Revolts, 1932, 1936 – Military gains power • Tojo Hideki – Influence over prime ministers • War with China, 1937 – Military ascendant World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Militarization of Japan • By 1938 – Control of Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Expansion of Japan to the Outbreak of World War II World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Industrialization and Recovery • Industrialization from 1931 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stalinism in the Soviet Union • From 1927 • Industrialization World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Economic Policies • Collectivization, 1928 – Mechanization – Kulaks resist Suppression • Five-year plans – Factories World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Toward an Industrial Society • Totalitarian Rule – Harsh suppression of criticism – 1939, ally with Hitler World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Connections: Economic Depression, Authoritarian Response, and Democratic Retreat • Consequences of the Great Depression – Surge of nationalism – Ties between nations weakened – Tariffs cause animosity World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.