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IRPA 13: Refresher Course RC 19

Emergency Management According to New IAEA BSS

Elena Buglova Head, Incident and Emergency Centre

IAEA Safety Standards: Hierarchy Safety Fundamentals Safety Requirements Safety Guides 2

Safety Requirements and Guides in Area of Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR) Safety Guide on Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency GS-G-2.1

Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency GS-R-2 (Published in 2002)

Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources:

International Basic Safety

Standards. Interim Edition GSR Part 3 (Interim)

Safety Guide on Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency GSG2 3

BSS 1996: Why Changes in EPR Area Were Needed? (1)

• • • BSS 1996 did not address • all emergency response actions e.g. decontamination or medical management / follow up • • internal exposure fetus – pregnant women Criteria for severe deterministic effects – not adequate Inconsistency in terms • Generic Intervention Levels, Operational Intervention Levels, Generic Action Levels

BSS 1996: Why Changes in EPR Area Were Needed? (2)

• Need for consistency with ICRP Publications • ICRP 103 – Main recommendations – replacing ICRP 60 • ICRP 109 – addressing EPR in early phase • Lessons learned from response to past emergencies and from exercises

Approach in Revising EPR Area of BSS 1996

• Text to be kept to a minimum, consistent with need for completeness of the BSS, with referencing to GS-R-2

Changes From BSS 1996:

• Restructuring text • combining BSS 1996

Principal Requirements for Intervention

and

Appendix V Emergency Exposure Situations

into one

Section 4 “Emergency Exposure Situations”

• Deleting certain parts fully covered in GS-R-2

Walk Through Section 4, Schedule IV and Annex - Covering EPR Area 8

Section 4 Emergency Exposure Situations (1)

Scope: The requirements for emergency exposure situations given in this section apply to activities undertaken in

preparedness for

and in

response to a nuclear or radiological emergency 9

Section 4 Emergency Exposure Situations (2)

Generic Requirements: Public Exposure: Exposure of Emergency Workers: Transition from an Emergency Exposure to an Existing Exposure Situation:

Requirement 43 Requirement 44 Requirement 45 Requirement 46 10

Generic Requirements Requirement 43: Emergency management system

The government shall ensure that an integrated and coordinated emergency management system is established and maintained

Essential Elements Of Emergency Management System (1)

• • • • • • Hazard assessment Emergency plans and procedures Allocation of responsibilities • persons and organizations Cooperation and coordination Communication and public information Optimized protection strategies

Essential Elements Of Emergency Management System (2)

• • • • • • Emergency workers protection Education and training Provisions for transition to existing exposure situation Arrangements for medical response Provisions for individual and environmental monitoring Involvement of relevant parties and interested parties

Public Exposure Requirement 44: Preparedness and response to an emergency

The government shall ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified and optimized at the planning stage, and that the response in an emergency is undertaken through their timely implementation.

EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATION Effective dose, E [Sv] W R Equivalent organ dose, H T [Sv] Absorbed organ dose, D T [Gy] RBE R,T RBE weighted organ dose, AD T [Gy] Evaluation of radiation detriment Evaluation of stochastic effects Evaluation of deterministic effects RADIATION HAZARD 15

Dosimetric Concepts and Their Application In Emergency Exposure Situations (1)

•

Residual dose

- dose expected to be incurred in the future after protective actions have been terminated (or a decision has been taken not to implement protective actions) •

Projected dose

- dose that would be expected to be received if planned protective actions were not taken

Dosimetric Concepts and Their Application In Emergency Exposure Situations (2)

•

Averted dose

- dose expected to be avoided through implementation of planned protective actions • In general, refers to implementation of individual protective actions, but may, if specified, refer to dose avoided from implementation of several protective actions

Dosimetric Concepts and Their Application In Emergency Exposure Situations (3)

•

Dose that has been received

• At planning stage falls under definition of

residual dose

• In an actual situation, is actual dose received via all exposure pathways (after protective actions have been fully implemented or a decision has been taken not to implement any protective actions)

Developing Strategy of Response to Emergency (1) Set reference level of residual dose between 20 mSv - 100 mSv Establish adequate Generic Criteria of projected or received dose warranting specific protective actions 19

Generic Criteria for Protective Actions Concern Severe deterministic effects Possible increase in stochastic effects Generic Criteria

≈ 1000 mGy

in hours

≈ 100 mSv in

7 days

≈ 100 mSv in

year Actions Precautionary protective actions Urgent protective actions Early protective actions 20

Developing Strategy of Response to Emergency (2) GENERIC CRITERIA Operational Intervention Levels (OIL) Emergency Action Levels (EAL) Observables/ Indicators Field and laboratory measurements Abnormal facility conditions ACTION Conditions on-scene 21

Schedule IV Criteria for Use in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Table IV-1: Generic criteria for acute doses at which protective and other actions are expected to be undertaken under any circumstances to avoid or to minimize severe deterministic effects

(GSR Part 3, p. 92) 22

Generic Criteria for Preventing Severe Deterministic Effects (1) Acute external, local and contact exposure Organ or tissue

Red marrow Foetus Soft tissue Skin derma

RBE-weighted dose

1 Gy 0.1 Gy 25 Gy at 0.5 cm to 100 cm 2 10 Gy at 0.4 mm to 100 cm 2

Generic Criteria for Preventing Severe Deterministic Effects (2) Acute intake Organ or tissue

Red marrow

30-day committed RBE-weighted dose

0.2 Gy [RN with Z>89]; 2 Gy [other] Thyroid Lung Colon Foetus 2 Gy [thyroid seeking RN] 30 Gy 20 Gy 0.1 Gy

Annex Generic Criteria for Protective Actions and other Response Actions in Emergency Exposure Situations to Reduce the Risk of Stochastic Effects

Table A-1: Generic criteria for protective actions and other response actions in emergency exposure situations to reduce the risk of stochastic effects

(GSR Part 3, p. 97) 25

Generic Criteria for Reducing Risk of Stochastic Effects (1) Dosimetric quantity

Total effective dose Total equivalent dose in foetus or embryo Committed equivalent dose in thyroid

Projected dose in the first week and urgent protective actions 100 mSv 100 mSv

Sheltering, evacuation, decontamination, restriction of food consumption, etc

50 mSv

Iodine thyroid blocking

Generic Criteria for Reducing Risk of Stochastic Effects (2) Dosimetric quantity Projected dose in the first year and early protective actions

Total effective dose Total equivalent dose in foetus or embryo (for period of in utero development)

100 mSv 100 mSv

Temporary relocation, decontamination, replacement of food, milk and water, public reassurance, etc

Exposure of Emergency Workers Requirement 45: Arrangements for controlling exposure of emergency workers

The government shall establish a programme for managing, controlling and recording doses received in an emergency by emergency workers, which shall be implemented by response organizations and employers

Emergency Worker - Definition

•

Any person having a specified role as a worker in an emergency and who might be exposed while taking actions in response to the emergency

Emergency Workers

• May include those employed by registrants and licensees as well as personnel from response organizations • • • • Police officers Firefighters Medical personnel, and Drivers and crews of evacuation vehicles

Exposure of Emergency Workers

• Relevant

requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations

in accordance with a graded approach shall apply • Response organizations and employers shall ensure that no emergency worker is subject to an exposure in an emergency in excess of

50 mSv

other than those who perform exceptional tasks

Schedule IV of the GSR Part 3 Criteria for Use in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Table IV-2: Guidance values for restricting exposure of emergency workers

(GSR Part 3, p. 93) 32

Guidance Values for Restricting Exposure of Emergency Workers Tasks Life saving actions Actions to prevent severe deterministic health effects Actions to prevent development of catastrophic conditions Guidance Value H P (10) < 500 mSv H P (10) < 500 mSv * Actions to avert a large collective dose H P (10) < 100 mSv ( * )

This value may be exceeded under the circumstances where the benefit to others clearly outweighs the emergency worker’s own risk and the emergency worker volunteers to take the action, and understands and accepts this risk

Response Organizations and Employers Shall Ensure

• • All reasonable efforts are taken to keep doses below values of Schedule IV Emergency workers who undertake actions in which doses received might exceed 50 mSv • • Do so voluntarily Are clearly and comprehensively informed in advance of associated health risks and available protective measures • Trained in actions they may be required to do

Response Organizations and Employers Shall Take Steps

• • To assess and record doses received by emergency workers To communicate information (doses and associated health effects) to emergency workers

Further Occupational Exposure

• Workers who received doses in emergency normally are not precluded from incurring further occupational exposure • If dose received exceeded 200 mSv or at request of worker, qualified medical advice shall be obtained before any further occupational exposure

Transition from Emergency to Existing Exposure Situation Requirement 46:

Arrangements for transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation The government shall ensure that arrangements are put in place, and implemented as appropriate, for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation

Issues to Consider

• • Different geographical areas may undergo transition in different times • • Responsible authority makes a decision Transitional shall be made in a coordinated and orderly manner Involvement of relevant authorities and interested parties

Summary: from SS-115 to GSR Part 3 (1)

• • Consistency with ICRP Recommendations Arrangements for protection of public • Strategies for protection based on reference levels and generic criteria for protective actions • • reference level of residual dose generic criteria of projected dose for protective actions to avoid/minimize severe deterministic effects • generic criteria of projected dose for protective actions corresponding to the reference levels of residual dose to reduce risk of stochastic effects • generic criteria of received dose for medical actions

Summary: from SS-115 to GSR Part 3 (2)

• • Arrangements for protection of emergency workers • Definition of emergency workers – who are those included • Graded approach for restricting exposure of emergency workers Requirements on transition from emergency exposure situation to existing exposure situation

Safety Guides - Supporting Implementation

•

Criteria for Use in Planning Response to Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies: General Safety Guide GSG-2 (2011)

• • • Provides • • Generic criteria Operational intervention levels (OILs) • Examples of default OILs for deposition, individual monitoring and food, milk water contamination Emergency actions levels for LWRs On-scene observables Plain language explanation of actions vs OILs and

Supporting Guidelines

• Technical documents under development • Protection of the public in case of severe emergencies at nuclear power plants • Specific emphasis on provision of plain language explanation to public • Method for revision of Operational Intervention Levels (OILs)

Thank You!

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