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Yeast Nutrition and Fermentation Progression
Linda F. Bisson Department of Viticulture and Enology Issues in Fermentation Management, 2011
Outline of Presentation
General introduction to nutritional needs during fermentation Special considerations – Native fermentations – Vineyard factors impacting nutrition – Winery production factors impacting nutrition
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Yeast Need Nutrients To:
Build new cells Make and modify metabolic pathways Repair and prevent cell damage Adapt to changing environments
Yeast Nutritional Phases
stationary
Cell #
log lag death
Brix Time
BUILDING NEW CELLS
Yeast Nutritional Phases: Building New Cells
stationary
Cell #
log lag death
Brix Time
Yeast Nutrition: Building New Cells Energy source: Ability to capture and reuse bond energy Macronutrients: Building blocks needed for new cell material Micronutrients: Catalysts needed to facilitate biochemical reactions related to growth
Yeast Nutrition: Building New Cells Energy source: labor Macronutrients: bricks and mortar Micronutrients: equipment
Macronutrients Carbon/Energy Sources: fructose, sucrose glucose, Nitrogen Sources: amino acids, ammonia, nucleotide bases, peptides Phosphate Sources: inorganic phosphate, organic phosphate compounds Sulfur Sources: inorganic sulfate, organic sulfur compounds
Growth Macronutrients in Juice
Carbon: Excess Nitrogen: Excess to Deficiency Phosphate: Sufficient to Deficiency Sulfate: Sufficient
Carbon Sources
For carbon component: role in new cell material (bricks and mortar) To be degraded to recapture bond energy: role as energy source to perform needed metabolic reactions (labor)
Yeast Carbon/Energy Sources in Juice:
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose Disaccharides: melibiose sucrose, maltose, Trisaccharides: raffinose Pentoses: Not used
Yeast Carbon (NOT Energy) Sources in Juice:
Metabolic Intermediates: TCA cycle acids: malate, fumarate, succinate, oxalacetic acid, citrate Oxidative substrates: pyruvate, acetate, lactate, glycerol, ethanol See dynamic changes in concentrations in juice during fermentation, role in metabolism and growth not clear
Nitrogen Sources
For Saccharomyces , function exclusively in building new cells and new pathways Bacteria and some non yeasts can use nitrogen compounds as energy sources Saccharomyces Nitrogen most often the limiting factor in the Saccharomyces environment
Yeast Nitrogen Sources
Ammonia Most amino acids Degradation may depend upon availability of other components: vitamins and oxygen Utilization impacted by other environmental factors such as pH and ethanol
Categories of Yeast Amino Acid Nitrogen Sources
Compound may be used as that amino acid for biosynthesis Compound may be converted to related amino acids for biosynthesis Compound may be degraded with release of nitrogen (be mindful of potential end products!)
Phosphate Sources
Inorganic phosphate Organic phosphate-containing molecules under starvation conditions only Prefer to make their own – Internally generated phosphate-containing molecules perform important regulatory roles – If taken in from outside might send false signal Roles as building blocks and in energy movements
Sulfate Sources
Sulfate S-containing amino acids Used for building new cell material Used in formation of catalysts
Micronutrients for Building New Cells Minerals and Trace Elements: Mn, K, Zn, Fe, Cu Mg, Ca, Vitamins: biotin is the only required vitamin, but others are stimulatory Generally depending upon how the cells are grown previously micronutrients are not limiting
MAKING AND MODIFYING METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Yeast Nutritional Phases: Modifying Pathways
stationary
Cell #
log lag death
Brix Time
Making and Modifying Pathways
Needs energy for degradation and reconstruction May need influx of net new nutrients if requirements not readily met by degradation (mostly a nitrogen issue) Requires micronutrients for generating the new pathway and for operating the enzymes of that pathway
Making and Modifying Pathways
Happens during active growth Happens under non-proliferative but metabolically active growth conditions: sustaining fermentative capacity
Most of the fermentation is conducted by “stationary” phase cells Stationary phase means no net increase in viable cells: 1. rate of growth = rate of death 2. quiescent = no growth, no death
Making and Modifying Pathways
How uniform is the culture?
Are there distinct metabolic sub-populations of cells?
Making and Modifying Pathways
How uniform is the culture?
ANSWER: It depends, but highly likely to not be uniform Are there distinct metabolic sub-populations of cells?
ANSWER: YES Goal of fermentation management: keeping cells optimally active
Keeping Cells Metabolically Active
Feeding enough at the appropriate time so they have what they need Being mindful of factors that alter nutritional needs: – Demand new pathways (have to do something different) – Impose metabolic stress (have to do it in a different way) Understanding the needs of the strains being used (commercial or native)
REPAIRING AND PREVENTING CELL DAMAGE
Yeast Nutritional Phases: Repair and Prevention of Damage
stationary
Cell #
log lag death
Brix Time
Repairing and Preventing Damage
Adaptation to ethanol Addressing presence of stressors in fermentation Requires “survival factors” Mother Nature selects for surviving rather than completing your fermentation
Role of Survival Factors Maintain viability of cells Increase ethanol tolerance Maintain energy generation
Survival Factors Oxygen Fatty Acids Sterols Nutritional Factors
Survival Factors
Needed to alter composition of the plasma membrane (sterols, fatty acids and proteins) so that it can withstand the perturbing effects of ethanol Both phospholipid and protein content must be adjusted
ADAPTATION TO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS
Yeast Nutritional Phases: Adaptation
stationary
Cell #
log lag death
Brix Time
The Need to Adapt
Can happen at any time Temperature shift Introduction or bloom of other organisms Change in chemical environment (pH, sugar content, ethanol content)
The Need to Adapt
May exceed internal capacity of nutrient recycling If need new nutrients their choice is continue to be active or use those nutrients to enter a stable dormant phase If stress is too severe they might not be able to readjust and adapt Again, Mother Nature selects for survival not completion of your fermentation
Outline of Presentation
General introduction to nutritional needs during fermentation Special considerations – – – Native fermentations Vineyard factors impacting nutrition Winery production factors impacting nutrition
Native Fermentations
Nutritional requirements of cells present not known More typically than not, a mixed population of Saccharomyces Saccharomyces and non Saccharomyces population is not going to be uniform
Mixed Populations
More competition for nutrients Accumulation of inhibitory end products Non-homogeneity of Saccharomyces – In some regions this leads to domination by less fermentatively robust strains = strong initiators are not a priori strong finishers
Heterogeneity
The Good News: – Greater complexity – Selection for survivalists – Slower fermentations The Bad News: – Higher risk of something going wrong – Need to pay closer attention than with commercial inoculants
Viticultural Factors Impacting Nutrition
First source of nutrients Can be a source of inhibition Rot changes fermentation dynamics Sometimes need to get yeast nutrition right in the vineyard, winery additions do not seem to compensate
Winery Production Factors Impacting Nutrition
Manipulations of microbial populations Cold soaks Heat treatments Holding of fruit Manipulation of fermentation environment Temperature pH adjustments Aeration and mixing practices Tank dimensions