Transcript nabeel ahmad ikram, Production Technology of Rapeseed and

Botanical Classification
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Family: cruciferae
RAPESEED
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Brassica napus
Brassica rapa/ Brassica campestris
MUSTARD
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Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)
Brassica carinata (Ethiopian mustard)
Brassica napus
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Commonly called as “GOBHI
SARSON”
Dark color seed
Chromosome no (n=19)
Developed as,
B. napus= B. olearacea+ B. rapa
B. olearacea (n=9)
B. rapa (n=10)
Brassica rapa
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Also called B. campestris
 Yellow sarson, brown sarson & toria
 Large size seeds
 Chromosome no (n=10)
Brassica juncea
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Indian mustard
Brown or yellow color seeds
Chromosome no (n=18)
Developed as,
B. juncea= B. nigra + B. rapa
B. nigra (n=8)
B. rapa (n=10)
Brassica carinata
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Ethiopian mustard
Large size yellow/dark color
seeds
Chromosome no (n=17)
Developed as,
B. carinata= B. nigra + B.
olearacea
B. nigra (n=8)
B. olearacea (n=9)
Description
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Annual rabi crop
50-200 cm tall and branched
Taproot system with many lateral roots
concentrated in the shallow subsurface soil.
Yellow flowers usually
Brassica campestris is both self and cross
pollinated others are self pollinated.
The fruit is apod, 5-10 cm long, with two
carpals.
Each pod contains 15-40 small, round seeds of
different colors, weighing 4-6 g per thousand
seeds.
Origin and History
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Not definitely known.
However its cultivation has been traced to 2000 B.C. in India,
China and Japan.
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Wild forms of Brassica campestris are found from western
Europe to China, which suggests its origin in the AfghanPakistan region, another centre in the Mediterranean region,
and a secondary centre in the Turk-Iranian region.
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Brassica seed was firstly used for Oil Extraction in India.
Interest in Rapeseed cultivation increased in Europe and
North America.
China and India are still largest producers of Rapeseed.
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Uses
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Young leaves are used as vegetables
Used as fodder
The oil is used in cooking and making pickles
Oil is also used in industry as a lubricant
Since the oil of conventional varieties contains
high levels of erucic acid which is injurious to
human health, cultivars have been evolved
which are low in both erucic acid and
glucosinulates, which are injurious to livestock.
Such varieties are designated as “00” types
Locality
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More than 50% of crop is grown in Punjab
in the districts of Multan, Khushab, Kasur, Layyah,
Rahim Yar Khan, Bhakkar, Bahawalnagar,
Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Lahore, and
Rawalpindi.
 In Sindh,
 the major production districts are Sukkur,
Nawabshah, and Sangar.
 Cultivation of toria is confined to the south
 Cultivation of raya to the north of Sindh,
 Taramira is cultivated throughout the province.
 About 30% of the Taramira in Sindh is cultivated
as an unirrigated dobari crop.
KPK
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Among the southern districts in KPK, D.I.Khan is the main growing
area where B. juncea types are mainly grown.
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However in north (Hazara, Malakand) and central zones
(Peshawar, Mardan), B.compestris types are grown. B. napus have
recently been introduced.
Climate and Soil
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Rape and mustard are well adapted to the
temperate regions of the country.
Do well in average daily temperatures of 30°C
25-30% of the area is grown under rain fed
conditions.
Taramira is fairly well adapted to rain fed
conditions.
Rape and mustard prefer well drained soils and
cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions.
Mustard can tolerate a variety of soils, but rape
generally prefers lighter soils.
Cultivars
Punjab
 Poorbi raya
 Raya Anmol
 Zafar 2000
 Peela raya
 RD-81
 KPK
 Altex
 Raya Anmol
 Tower
 Zafar 2000
Sindh
Toria selection
Early raya
S-9
Jhambha
selection
Cultural Practices
Time of Planting
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Rapeseed and mustard are grown in the rabi
season.
However, toria and Poorbi raya are grown in the
zaid kharif season
The rabi crop is planted in October-November
Harvested in April-May.
Zaid kharif crop is planted in late August or early
September
Harvested in December.
Time of Planting
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Time of planting is crucial
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In early rabi planting, early pods are affected by
frost
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Late pod and seed development is affected by
the approaching hot season.
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Late planted zaid kharif crops are damaged by
frost.
Cultural Practices
Seedbed preparation
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Since rape and mustard seeds are small
They require a fine well prepared, level, and firm
seedbed
Adequate soil moisture for good seed germination
and an acceptable stand of plants.
Method of sowing
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Generally the seed is sown by broadcasting.
Cultural Practices
Seed rate
 2-8kg/ha
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Healthy and pure seed
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Free from diseases and weed
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Seed dressing with Vitavax or Benlate-M45
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@ 2 g/kg seed before planting will ensure good
emergence.
Cultural Practices
Fertilizer application
 Sindh = 112:56 NP kg/ha
 Punjab = 40:40 NP kg/ha
 KPK = 75:50 NP kg/ha
 Interculture and weeding
 About 15-20 days after emergence the
seedlings should be thinned to 5-10 cm apart.
 First hoeing is done when the plants are 6-8 cm
tall.
Cultural Practices
Intercropping and rotation
 Intercropping with wheat and chickpea
 In Hazara, these crops are planted as relay crops in
maize.
Existing Rotations:
 Rape/mustard-groundnut-wheat
 Rice-rape/mustard-rice
 Wheat-guar-rape/mustard(zaid kharif) – cotton
Proposed Rotations:
 Rape/mustard-maize-wheat-soybean
 Cotton-sunflower- mungbean - rape/mustard
 Rape/mustard-sunflower-gram
Cultural Practices
Irrigation
 More than 90% barani cultivated
 3-4 irrigations for sarson
 2-3 for toria
 1-2 for Taramira
 First irrigation is applied one month after sowing
 subsequent irrigations at about 20-30 days
intervals.
 Critical stages are flowering and pod filling
Cultural Practices
Harvesting, threshing and storing
 Ready when their stems and pods become yellow
 Seeds become dark and rattle in their pods when
shaken
 Brassica campestris types mature in 180 days
 B. napus 190-200 days.
 Usually harvested when about 75% of pods turn
yellowish
 Harvesting too early drastically reduces oil content
and seed viability
 Dried crop is threshed with bullocks or by running a
tractor over it.
 The seed is then winnowed, sun dried and stored.
Yield
Punjab
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900-1000 kg/ha
Sindh
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600-650 kg/ha
KPK
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500-600 kg/ha
Insect pests and diseases
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Painted bug and
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Aphids attack
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Powdery mildew
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Downy mildew, and
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White rust
Province wise Area of Rapeseed/Mustard and Canola Crops in
Pakistan
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
(Area'000'hectares)
2000-01
128.9
74.2
24.3
44.7
272.1
2001-02
134.9
76.1
19.3
38.6
268.9
2002-03
150.8
71.7
19.9
38.2
280.6
157.2
67.4
20.7
34.5
279.8
2004-05
158.3
53.1
21.6
24.2
257.2
2005-06
(2.4) 127.6
(3.6) 49.9
(1.1) 18.9
(3.6) 30.9
(10.7) 227.3
2006-07
(2.8) 135.6
(2.7) 70.4
(1.0) 19.6
(3.4) 40.2
(9.90) 265.8
2007-08
(3.6) 127.4
(2.3) 49.1
(1.1) 16.4
(3.3) 35.0
(10.3) 227.9
2008-09
(5.5) 142.8
(2.2) 47.6
(1.0) 17.7
(3.0) 36.8)
(11.7) 244.9
2003-04
(Production “000” tonnes)
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
2000-01
127.6
59.4
15.4
28.2
230.6
2001-02
130.5
58.8
8.5
23.5
221.3
2002-03
146.1
57.6
8.9
22.4
235.0
2003-04
151.3
57.3
9.0
20.6
238.2
2004-05
142.5
47.6
10.2
15.5
215.8
2005-06
(2.3) 108.6
(3.8) 44.7
(0.7) 8.6
(2.4) 18.9
(9.2) 180.8
2006-07
(2.9) 120.2
(3.1) 70.1
(0.5) 9.4
(2.2) 21.3
(8.7) 221.0
2007-08
(3.4) 103.6
(2.7) 50.3
(0.5) 7.6
(2.2) 18.5
(8.8) 180.0
2008-09
(3.1) 120.5
(2.6) 51.1
(0.5) 7.4)
(2.0) 19.9
(11.2) 198.9
Note:- Figures in parenthesis are of canola
(Yield in Kgs per hectare)
Year
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Balochistan
Pakistan
2000-01
990
799
579
599
836
2001-02
967
773
435
609
823
2002-03
969
803
447
586
837
2003-04
962
850
435
597
851
2004-05
900
896
472
640
839
2005-06
851
896
455
612
795
2006-07
886
996
480
530
831
2007-08
817
1031
463
540
793
2008-09
844
1073
418
541
812
Questions