Transcript Landscape
Assessing the landscape Introduction Eric Koomen en Ronnie Lassche KNAG-dag 7 december 2011 Landscape? van der Heyden, 1660 Definition land·scape n. 1. An expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view: a desert landscape. 2. A picture depicting an expanse of scenery. 3. The branch of art dealing with the representation of natural scenery. 4. The aspect of the land characteristic of a particular region: a bleak New England winter landscape. 5. Grounds that have been landscaped: liked the house especially for its landscape. [Dutch landschap, from Middle Dutch landscap, region : land, land; see lendh- in Indo-European roots + -scap, state, condition (collective suff.).] Word History: Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists were pioneering the landscape genre. The Dutch word landschap had earlier meant simply "region, tract of land" but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of "a picture depicting scenery on land." Interestingly, 34 years pass after the first recorded use of landscape in English before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery. This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintings and then saw landscapes in real life. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Definition • “Landschaft ist das Totalcharakter einer Erdgegend“ (Alexander von Humboldt, 1807) • Landscape is our physical surrounding that is the result of the combination of physical conditions, biological processes and human intervention (own attempt) Not (only) land cover Not (only) land use Description of landscape components • Descriptive or “measurable” characteristics – – – – land cover (and land use) parcellation topography (height) degree of openness • Interpretative characteristics (describe origin) – – – – – geology geomorphology occupation (settlement) history archaeological remains historic elements What is landscape then? Example: Dutch heathland Heathland part of historic landscape Example: Scottish Highlands Loch Lomond and theTrossachs National Park Example: Hungarian puszta National Park Hortobágy - The Puszta Assessing the landscape as·sess ( -s s ) 1. To estimate the value of (property) for taxation. 2. To set or determine the amount of (a payment, such as a tax or fine). 3. To charge (a person or property) with a special payment, such as a tax or fine. 4. Sports To charge a player, coach, or team with (a foul or penalty). 5. To determine the value, significance, or extent of; appraise. See Synonyms at estimate. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. In our case: • estimate the value of the landscape • how can we assess the value of landscape to give it a proper attention in planning? Course layout 1. Introduction – – – – 2. 3. 4. 5. concepts and definitions landscape classifications changing values over time changes in landscapes (practical) Landscape components & analyse change Evaluating landscapes & valuation methods Economic valuation of landscapes Landscape and planning Assessing (valuing) landscapes Valuation: • is personal • depends on perspective • is not stable over time (example follows) • can partly be monetarised • is essential input to planning Changing values over time Landscape change: driving forces • “the forces that cause landscape changes” • that influence the trajectories of landscape development (Bürgi et al., 2007) Examples of landscape change • Natural forces: e.g. flooding, salinisation • Cultural forces: e.g. changing preferences • Economic forces: agricultural intensification, urbanisation • Technological forces: e.g. mechanisation • Political forces: e.g. agricultural policy, zoning Landscape changes are not constant Specific Dutch landscape changes Four major processes of Dutch landscape change since 1850: • 1. cultivation of wilderness areas • 2. agricultural rationalisation • 3. urbanisation • 4. reforestation You will explore these in the practical. More processes may be active in your area Introduction to the practical • Discern the most important landscape changes for two contrasting regions • Focus on the four major processes of landscape change since 1850 • Look at four time steps: 1850, 1900, 1950 • Requires ArcGIS and connection to the internet • Use draw tool in ArcGIS