Transcript slide show - Psycholosphere

Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Motivation versus Emotion
Emotion, a subjective sensation experienced
as a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is
different from motivation in that it has no goal
or direction connected with it.
Emotions result from the interaction of the (a)
perception of environmental stimuli, (b)
neural/hormonal responses to these
perceptions (feelings), and (c)
cognitive labeling of
these feelings.
There is a small core of emotions (6 to 8) that are uniquely
associated with a specific facial expressions (Izard, 1992).
This suggests that these are “hard-wired” in human beings.
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and
emotion cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99 (3), 561-565.
Definitions of Motivation and emotion retrieved from Bill Huitt at
http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/motivation/motivate.html
What is emotion?
“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is
easily recognized but hard to define.
Most theories hold that emotion
is a syndrome or complex entity
with many components:
physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive
events, sensory input, behavioral correlates.”
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
ANGER
SERIOUS
SADNESS
SURPRISE
FEAR
What good is emotion?
Emotions (a) prepare us for action, (b) shape our behavior (emotions are
reinforcing), (c) regulate social interaction, (d) facilitate communication
nonverbally, (e) facilitate adult-child relations and thus development, (f)
make life worth living by adding value to experience, and (g) allow us to
respond flexibly to our environment (approaching good, avoiding bad).
Emotions are usually inseparable from their communication. Most people
do not have a "poker face," and we generally find a person's emotional
response to be obvious. Knowing how someone feels helps us evaluate
how they will act.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
SADNESS
JOY
ANGER
FEAR
SURPRISE
MORE ABOUT EMOTIONS
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Emotions are largely a conscious phenomena.
They involve more bodily manifestations than other
conscious states.
They vary along a number of dimensions: intensity,
type, origin, arousal, value, self-regulation, etc.
They are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”
They protect us from a “slavish devotion” to
rationality.
They play an indispensable role in determining the
quality of life and defining our priorities.
They have a central place in moral education and
moral life through conscience, empathy, and many
specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and
remourse. The are inextrictably linked to virtues.
A paraphrased version of a list included in EMOTION by Ronald de Sousa.
Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/
Three Ways to Measure Emotion
• Behavior – screaming, facial expressions, laughing,
aggression, approach/avoidance, activity level, smiling,
attention/distraction, alertness, insomnia, anhedonia, etc.
• Body/Physical – blood pressure, tears, heart rate, neural
images, lie detector readings, posture, perspiration,
adrenaline, muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.
• Thoughts – observed indirectly through: spoken and
written words on rating scales; answers to open-ended
questions on surveys and during interviews; responses
to projective instruments, sentence stems, etc. Emotion
can interfere with many cognitive operations such as
rational/logical thinking and the ability to objectively selfassess or perceive the behavior and intentions of others.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS
• Newborns show only pleasure and distress.
• Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.
• Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.
– They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.
– Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.
• Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.
• Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.
– Facial expression is associated with
Click to learn more
emotions.
• Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in
unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Affection for children
Affection for adults
Elation
Joy
Delight
Excitement
Distress
Anger
Jealousy
Disgust
Fear
Months
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
Bridges (1932) found that emotions are rapidly differentiated from an initial capacity
for excitement. Today, there is interest in genetically determined temperamental
characteristics from which personality forms, such as sociability.
K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Neural Pathways of Emotion
• Joseph LeDoux (1998) found evidence for two
•
•
•
•
neural pathways in the processing of fear.
The fast route is quick, inaccurate, life-saving:
» Sight → Thalamus → Amygdala
The slow route is precise, complex, sluggish:
» Sight → Thalamus → Visual cortex → Amygdala
Route one allows for instant action and is
relatively inaccurate; so it produces false
positives.
Route two is precise and can reduce the
response to fear if the situation is appraised to
be safe after all factors are considered.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#33
Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission for use granted.
So the Brain Executes an
Emotional Shortcut In Crises
• We feel some emotions before we think.
• Some neural pathways involved in emotion
bypass the cortical areas involved in thinking.
• Two such pathways run from the eye and ear
via the thalamus to the amygdala, which is
the emotional control center.
• This shortcut enables a quick, pre-thought
emotional response before the intellect gets
consciously involved.
• The thinking cortex can eventually override
the “decision” of the amygdala to react.
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Do they operate separately? Concurrently?
Or both?
Appraisal
2
2
Two Routes
2
to
Emotion
2
Event
1
Zajonc /
LeDoux
Lazarus /
Schachter
Emotional
Response
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Primary & Secondary Emotions
• A distinction between primary and
•
secondary emotions has been proposed.
Primary emotions are probably innate and universal and
include fear, rage, surprise, happiness, joy, disgust
(Ortony and Turner, 1990).
Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions?
Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
• Secondary emotions are more complex and appear to be
acquired or learned (Damasio, 1999) and include
•
optimism, love, humiliation, hope, vigilance,
optimism.
Damasio links secondary emotions with
the orbitofrontal cortex (behind the eyes).
Damasio, A.R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Orlando: Harcourt Brace.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#21
Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission granted.
Gyruc
Cinguli
Hippocampal
Formation
PAPEZ CIRCUIT
Mamillary
Body
Anterior Nuclei
of Thalamus
In 1937 emotion was linked to the limbic system by Papez. He stated that the
hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and hippocampus
elaborate functions of emotion. MacLean used the terms "limbic system" in
1952 and identified three specific subdivisions: the amygdala, septal, and
thalamocingulate. He postulated that the limbic brain responds to inputs from
internal and external sources. The closed circuit between the limbic system
and the thalamus and hypothalamus is the Papez circuit. The fornix connects
the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, which
project to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The nuclei of the thalamus
complete the closed circuit through fibers to the hippocampus. These
interconnections combine to form the neural basis of emotion.
For more detail see http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Audition/site/anatomy%20of%20emotion%20in%20pain
The Amygdala
LeDoux
Identified as
crucial in fear
Fear
conditioning in
animals
Trace route
from audition
Mammillothalamic
Tract
Anterior
Nucleus
of Dorsal
Thalamus
Cingulate
Gyrus
Fornix
Basal
Forebrain
Nuclei
Sensory
Cortex
Sensory
Thalamus
Mammillary
Body
Hypothalamus,
Midbrain, Pons,
Medulla
Amygdala
Parahippocampal
Gyrus
Hippocampus
Main and
Accessory
Olfactory Bulb
Medial Basal
Forebrain and
Hypothalamus
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Face & Emotion: Paul Ekman
• Multicultural/Evolutionary Theory
• 1 - Universal neurophysiology in the
facial muscles
• 2 - Culture-specific variations in the
expression of emotion
• Seven Universal Facial Expressions
of Emotion:
Anger, Happiness, Fear, Surprise,
Disgust, Sadness, and Contempt
Ekman, Paul (2003). Emotions Revealed : Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York:
Henry Holt & Company; Copy for the slide above taken from a PPT slide set by Evette Samaan available at
http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#6. Slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.
Hormones and Emotion
• You perceive the sensory stimulus.
• The adrenal gland sends out two
hormones: epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
• They activate the sympathetic nervous
system.
• That produces arousal or alertness
that provides the body with the energy
to act (pupils dilate, the heart beat
races, and breathing quickens.
Info for this slide taken from Evette Samaan at http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#12
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Theorist(s)
Basic Emotions
Basis for Inclusion
Plutchik
acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust,
joy, fear, sadness, surprise
Arnold
anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire,
despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness
Biological Adaptation
Related (Evolutionary)
Relation to action
tendencies
Ekman, Friesen,
and Ellsworth
anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise
Universal Facial
Expressions
Frijda
desire, happiness, interest, surprise,
wonder, sorrow
Forms of Action
Readiness
Gray
rage and terror, anxiety, joy
Hardwired
Izard
anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear,
guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise
Hardwired
James
fear, grief, love, rage
Bodily Involvement
McDougall
anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection,
tender-hearted, wonder
Relation to Instincts
Mowrer
pain, pleasure
Unlearned
Oatley and
Johnson-Laird
anger, disgust, anxiety,
happiness, sadness
No Propositional
Content Requirded
Panksepp
expectancy, fear, rage, panic
Hardwired
Tomkins
anger, interest, contempt, disgust,
distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise
Watson
fear, love, rage
Hardwired
Weiner &
Graham
happiness, sadness
Attribution
Independent
Density
of
Neural Firing
Chart taken with permisson from Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331
The concept of emotion is applicable
to all evolutionary levels and applies
to animals as well as to humans.
Emotions have an evolutionary history
and have evolved various forms
2
of expression in different
species.
1
Emotion
10
serves an
adaptive role
in helping
organisms deal
with key survival
issues posed by the
environment.
9
There is a small
number of basic primary
or prototype emotions.
Despite different forms of
expression of emotions in
different species, there are
3 certain common elements, or
prototype patterns, that
can be identified.
Plutchik's PsychoEvolutionary Theory
of Basic Emotions
Has Ten Postulates
8
All other emotions are mixed
or derivative states; they occur
as combinations, mixtures, or
compounds of primary emotions.
7
Primary emotions can be
conceptualized as pairs of opposites.
All emotions vary in their degree 6
of similarity to each other.
4
Primary emotions are hypothethical
constructs or idealized states whose
properties and characteristics can only
be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
5
Each emotion can exist in varying
degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.
Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R.
Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience:
Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.
Differential Emotions Theory
(Izard & Malatesta, 1987)
Slide modelled after Farmer, Marion (2002) http://psychology.unn.ac.uk/marion/webdevptl%20files%5Clec07%5Clec07.ppt#12 & #13
■
Nine basic emotions: interest, joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear,
disgust, contempt, and shame.
■ Three components for each:
• Neural: each emotion is linked to a particular neural substratum.
• Motor-expressive: each is expressed in a distinct manner.
• Mental: each is associated with a specific feeling tone.
•
•
•
•
•
•
For each emotion the three components are innately linked and are
initially organised in a rigid, stereotypical manner.
Basic emotions all have unique adaptive value, biological functions,
and social functions.
Emotions emerge when they first become adaptive to the individual;
some are present at birth e.g. disgust.
Development of emotions takes place in synchrony with perceptual,
motor and cognitive development, but the link is indirect. The need for
new emotions emerges with new cognition, mobility, and perceptions.
The regulation of affect also moves through a development process.
Emotions constitute the primary motivation for human behavior.
Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early
emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed). Handbook of Infant Development. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
Physiological changes occur before
the emotion and create the feelings
we label as emotions: stimulating
situation → physiological changes
→ emotion labeling. A visceral
experience (gut reaction) is labeled
as an emotion. We have some
autonomic reactions to stimuli.
We observe these physical
sensations and label them as
feelings.
This theory
has 4
problems.
Sight of
oncoming car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
1. The visceral response may not
occur quickly enough to account
for sudden emotions
2. Research suggests that some
visceral responses are not
interpreted as emotions.
3. The range of emotions is broader and
more complex than the range of gut
reactions. But recent PET scans suggest
physiological correlates of emotional states
are more specific than once thought.
4. Even though James predicted that the loss
of bodily sensation through spinal injury would
depress emotions, this is not the case. Some
report an increase in emotional intensity.
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.
Sight of
Oncoming
Car
(Perception
of Stimulus)
Pounding
Heart
(Arousal)
Fear
(Emotion)
The thalamus is a crossroads for sensory pathways,
and it simultaneously signals the autonomic nervous
system and the cerebral cortex. But the rest of the
limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus and
amygdala, are known to play a role in emotional
responses. A physiological response and an
emotional reaction may not be simultaneous.
Cerebral
CORTEX
This theory proposes that
emotion-eliciting stimuli are
relayed simultaneously to
the cortex and organs of the
sympathetic nervous system.
When stimuli reach the
thalamus, this part of the
midbrain activates a physical
reaction and an emotional
response.
Autonomic
Nervous
System
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Cannon-Bard theory
•
Richard Solomon’s Opponent
Process Theory states that once
a particular emotional reaction
has been activated, the brain
tries to regain homeostasis by
initiating the opposite reaction.
First Exposure
}
Adaptation
AA
Response
Response
B - Response
}
Negative After Image
Stimulus
Later Exposure
A - Response
B - Response
Stimulus
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
APPRAISAL THEORIES
Arnold (1960) introduced appraisal into psychology by
describing it as the process by which a person determines
the significance of their situation.
Appraisal gives rise to attraction or aversion, and emotion is
equated with a "felt tendency toward anything intuitively
appraised as good (beneficial), or away from anything
intuitively appraised as bad (harmful)."
Lazarus (1991) said appraisals are necessary and sufficient
for emotion, and he saw each emotion as being completely
determined by the patterns of appraisal giving rise to them.
Appraisal theorists think the cognitive processes underlying
emotion are conscious or unconscious, and propositional
or non-propositional.
Cognitivists say emotions involve propositional attitudes: one
can't be angry unless another is guilty; one can't be envious
unless another has something good.
By Ronald de Sousa, Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3-05
Cognition: Appraisal
EMOTION
Expression: Overt
Physiology: Arousal
Created by Dr. Gordon Vesselss 2005
Pounding
Heart
(Arousal)
Appraisal Theory:
Schachter-Singer
“two factor” or “socialenvironmental
context and arousal”
theory
Sight of
Oncoming
Car
(Perception
of Stimulus)
Fear
(emotion)
Cognitive
Label After
Appraising
SocialEnvironmental
Context:
“I’m afraid”
This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus
causes physiological arousal; this stimulus is considered in
light of environmental and social cues. The arousal is then
interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In
other words, the environment, particularly the behavior of
other people, is used to explain the physiological state.
Events relevant to one’s well-being are important factors in
determining their emotional response.
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.
Appraisal Theories
• Arnold (1960) was concerned with the missing piece
of the puzzle in explaining emotion.
• What causes the reaction in the first place ?
• He concluded there must be some sort of appraisal
process by which we analyze a situation.
• This produces an action tendency (bear → run).
• Emotion is the outcome of this process.
• He proposed that this is unconscious as it happens,
but we should be able to reflect back on the appraisal
process afterwards to examine what happened.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#26
Related MS word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written for use permission granted.
Ortony, Clore and Collins's theory
proposes that the emotions we
experience depend on what we
focus on in situations. Emotions
are seen as pos. or neg. reactions
to things. They are descriptions
of a person's reaction to events,
people, and objects in the
environment. These appraisals
are reactions to the environment.
Goals
(events)
OCC Model
Event, Agent,
or Object
of Appraisal
appraised in
terms of
Norms/Standards
(agents’ actions)
This theory yields different types
of emotions represented by token
words. It makes a distinction
between examining emotion
words and examining the
emotions. This circumplex
approach focuses on emotion
words and how they are used
rather than on emotions and
how they are created.
Tastes/Attitude
(objects)
joy
anger
pride
love
distress
gratitude
shame
hate
gratification
admiration
Loathing
remorse
reproach
awe
vigilance
guilt
interest
COMPOUND
EMOTIONS
STANDARDSBASED EMOTION
ATTITUDE-BASED
EMOTIONS
hope
anxiety
relief
optimism
GOAL-BASED
EMOTIONS
Ruebenstrunk, Gerd (n.d.). PPT slide found at http://www.schooldays.de/ruebentemp/presentation4.ppt#21 used as a model by Vessels 2005.
Life events
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easygoing
Non-Depressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular Exercise
Good Nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor Nutrition
Level of social support
Close, Enduring
Lacking
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels