Transcript A short history of computers and IT… - LIRIS

UMR 5205
A (Quick) Historical Panorama of
Information Technologies
Lionel Brunie
National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA)
LIRIS Laboratory/DRIM Team – UMR CNRS 5205
Lyon, France
http://liris.cnrs.fr/lionel.brunie
Agenda
Back to (pre-)History
A Quick Look at Cutting-Edge IC Technologies
 Super Computing
 Large Scale Computing: Grid and Cloud Computing
 Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing
 The Internet of Things
How all this has happened?
 Technological Evolutions
 Software Evolutions
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A short history of computers and IT…
60 years ago…
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A short history of computers and IT…
25 years ago…
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A short history of computers and IT…
Today…
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A short history of computers and IT…
Tomorrow ?
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A Quick Look at Cutting Edge IT
Let’s have a look at cutting edge IT
Super Computing
Grid and Cloud Computing
Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing
The Internet of Things
Super Computing
From Vector Machines to Clusters
Old times
Basic ideas
 A super computer is like a Ferrari → use specific components
 Super computing is like F1 or WRG → adapt to the application
scenario
Vector Computer (Cray)
Database Computer
An alternative idea:
Super SIMD (Connection
Machines)
Incredible creativity in
architecture and network design
A Cray-2
2013… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)
Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most “powerful” (computing
intensive) computers (June 2013)
Ranked 6th in the graph500 list of the most “powerful” (data intensive
processing) computers (June 2013)
Ranked 32nd in the green500 list of the most energy efficient computer
(June 2013)
China (National University of Defense Technology)
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2013… The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)
Rmax = 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) – Rpeak = 54902 (computing
efficiency : 61,7 %)
3,120,000 cores – Memory: 1.375 PB – Disk: 12,4 PB –fat-tree
based Interconnection Network
16000 computer nodes
1 node = 2 Intel (12 cores) Ivy Bridge Xeon + 3 (57 cores) Xeon Phi
co-procs + 88GB memory shared by the Ivy Bridges procs + 8 GB
memory shared by the Xeon Phi chips
Power:17,8 MW (1,9 Tflops/kW – 1,9 Gflops/W … only!)
« Tianhe-2 operation for 1 hour is equivalent to 1.3 billion people
calculator operating one thousand years » (best-news.us –
assertion not checked)
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2013 #2… The Titan (Cray XK7)
Ranked 2nd in the top500 list (1st in Nov. 2012)
299008 cores – Memory: 710 TB – Cray Gemini Interconnect
18688 Opteron 6274 16 cores 2.200GHz + 18,688 Nvidia Tesla K20X GPUs
Rmax = 17590 – Rpeak = 27112 (computing efficiency : 65 %)
Power: 8.2 MW… only!
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Supercomputing… A Quick Look at the Web
Top500.org
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performance development
logarithmic progression! (x10 in 3years)
clusters, clusters (84%)!
54% in industry
max power efficiency: 2.9 Gflops/W
#500: 96 TFlops! – Total : 223 Pflops
poster Top500
Graph500.org
 BlueGene++
Green500.org and GreenGraph500
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List
max: 3,2 Gflops/W
#1 green500 = #467 top500 (1 T00flops)
#1 top500 = #32 green500
Large Scale Computing: the Grid
Resource Sharing and Cooperative
Computing in Large-Scale Dynamic
Virtual Organizations
Grid Computing… The LCG Architecture
Trigger and
Data
Acquisition
System
Tier-0
Tier-1
10 Gbps links
Optical Private Network
(to almost all sites)
Tier-2
General
Purpose/Academic/
Research Network
From F. Malek – LCG FRance
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Grid Computing: Applications
High energy & nuclear physics
Simulation
 Earth observation, climate modeling
 Geophysics, earthquake modeling
 Fluids, aerodynamic design
 Pollutant dispersal scenarios
Astronomy- Digital sky surveys: modern telescopes produce over 10
Petabytes per year (upto 30 TB per day)!
Molecular genomics
Chemistry and biochemistry
Financial applications
Medical images
…
Large Scale Computing: the Cloud
Business-centric Large-Scale
Distributed Computing
Everything as a Service
Cloud Computing
“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is
driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of
abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed
computing power, storage, platforms, and services are
delivered on demand to external customers over the
Internet” (Foster at al.)
SalesForces, Amazon, IBM, Google, Microsoft, Backblaze…
Everything as a service
 Infrastructure as a service
 Platform as a service
 Software as a service
Behind the scene: some kind of a (proprietary) grid
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Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
A Focus on the User
Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
Mobile communications have freed the user from the Internet plug
3G/4G mobile Internet is as faster as Internet-at-work and Internetat-home
Ubiquity, i.e., Internet-everywhere, is a reality (at least in Western
countries)
A dramatic social (and business) change!
A still-open issue: context-awareness
 what is your device, what are the network conditions?
 where are you?
 what are you doing right now and in the near future?
 what are your preferences?
 Who are your friends?
…
Applications of Ubi./ Perv. Computing
Sensor networks (smart dust)
Home networks
Patient monitoring (personal area networks)
Emergency management / battlefield / borders monitoring
Museums and pervasive buildings
Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) / MANET
Alert management (parking, kids, etc.)
Supply chain
U-Society
 People to People (P2P): Facebook on your cell phone
 People to Object (P2O): IoT platforms
 Geopositioned Services: App Store
Do-IoT-Yourself: Arduino / Raspberry Pi / Beaglebone - Fab
Lab ?
…
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The Internet of Things
When (Smart) Things Meets Internet
The Internet of Things: Definition
The « Internet of Things (IoT) is […] a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual
‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and
use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network.
In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in
business, information and social processes where they are enabled to
interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment
by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment,
while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’s events »
(CERP-IoT)
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Applications of the Internet of Things
IoT platforms yet exist: xively (ex-cosm, ex-pachube),
sen.se, etc.
Machine To Machine (M2M) / Object To Object (O2O)
 the never lasting intelligent fridge ?
 smart maintenance
 « Intelligent » sensors networks
 smart factory
 ITS and Smart car
…
What place for humans?
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The Internet of Things
Key words
Identity / Personality
Autonomy
Interaction / Environment
Communication / Global Network
A philosophical approach: Spimes (Bruce Sterling,
2004)?
A promise with no future? A nightmare? A dream?
The true future?
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A Universal Network of Things ?
From readwrite.com
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An Infinity of Networks of Things
From readwrite.com
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How all this has happened?
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Technological Evolutions
Large bandwidth communications
 Optical fiber
 3G, 4G, WiMax
 WiFi Direct
Low power local communications
 NFC
 Zigbee, Bluetooth…
« Universal » identification
 RFID - Electronic Product Code (EPC) – EPCGlobalNetwork –
Object Naming Service (ONS)
 IETF Host Identity Protocol (HIP – RFC 4423-5201 )
Geopositioning
 GPS/Galileo
 GSM
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Technological Evolutions (Cont’d)
Supercomputing
 Parallel supercomputers (1- Tianhe-2 - 34 Pflops)
 Super-clusters/clouds (Microsft = 1 million of servers (July’13) ; Google
2+ millions of servers? Soon 10 millions?)
Super storage
 Key: ~GB
 Disk: ~TB
 Data Center: ~PB
Micro-Nano technologies
Sensors – Sensor networks
“Things”
Convergence digital camera – telephone – laptop → smartphone
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Software Evolutions
Services – SOA
Object  Service / Service  Object
(Everything as a Service)
Social networks
E-Services
Mobility (M-services)
“All digital, any where, any time” Era
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Back to
Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
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Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing…
The Vision of a Calm Technology
« The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They
weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are
indistinguishable from it »
[The objective of pervasive computing is to ] “ … make a computer so
imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking
about it.”
“Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is roughly the opposite of virtual
reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated
world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live out here in the
world with people.”
« A new way of thinking about computers in the world, one that takes
into account the natural human environment and allows the computers
themselves to vanish in the background »
Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, 1991-
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing…
The Vision of a Calm Technology
[M. Satyanarayanan, 2001]
Pervasive computing environment = « one saturated with
computing and communication capability, yet so gracefully
integrated with users that it becomes ‘a technology that
disappears’ »
So:
 “Smart” spaces
 “Invisibility” and transparency
 Scalability
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Some Key Ideas for an Holistic Vision
The « object-subject » is actor (a first-class citizen) of the “system” / of the
Future
 smart objects / smart everything
 active objects
 “the” cloud
« Intelligence » is, at first, the « network » i.e., the ability to exchange
information / communicate
« Intelligence », is also the ability to self-adapt to the user profile and the
context (« context awareness »), “to weave” into the environment
« Ego » is part of the context
« Intelligence », finally, is the ability to organize:
 autonomously (autonomic computing, self healing…)
 spontaneously
Multi-Scale Ubiquitous Ego-Centric Digital Ecosystem
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A Partial Conclusion
An incredible change!
A digital world (and digital life)
An (almost) unlimited power of processing, storage,
communication
Unlimited opportunities of new applications
But a coined in the 60’s client-server way of thinking!
And strong concerns about privacy
(A Highway to) Hell or Eden?
What IT world do you want to build ?
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