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Africa Pre-1800
Chapter 19
Africa Before 1800
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Africa Before 1800
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Goals
• Understand the early history of African peoples and their shared
core of beliefs and cultural practices.
• Examine the styles and subject matter of early African rock art
and other media used to create art.
• Explore the art of different regions of early through medieval
Africa and study their stylistic qualities
• Examine the architecture of African civilizations.
• Evaluate the influence of other world cultures on African art and
architecture.
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19.1 Early African Art
• Discuss stylistic traits of regional African styles.
• Examine the styles and subject matter of early African rock
art and other media used to create art.
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Prehistoric and Early Cultures
• Examine the styles and subject matter of early African rock
art.
• Describe stylized features of early sculpture in the round
• Explore issues that cause difficulty in pinpointing the
creators and interpreting the meaning(s) of early African art
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Figure 19-2 Running horned woman, rock painting,
from Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria, ca. 6000–4000 BCE.
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Art from Nok and Lydenburg (500 BCE –
200 CE)
• Recall these locations as the discovery sites of some of the
earliest known sculpture-in-the round in Africa
• Describe stylized features of these sculptures
• Name popular materials used in these works
• Examine problems in ascertaining the purpose/meaning
behind art of this period
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Figure 19-3 Nok head, from Rafin Kura,
Nigeria, ca. 500 BCE–200 CE. Terracotta, 1’
2 3/16” high. National Museum, Lagos.
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Figure 19-4 Head, from Lydenburg, South
Africa, ca. 500 ce. Terracotta, 1 21
5/16” high. South African Museum, Iziko
Museums of Cape Town, Cape Town.
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Use of Metal-Casting in African Art
• Advanced works of art were cast in bronze and other metals in
West Africa by 9th and 10th centuries CE.
• Recall some of the various objects discovered in burial sites at
Igbo Ukwu.
• Consider how some of the art cast in metal reflect social
hierarchy in terms of durability and appearance
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Figure 19-5 Equestrian figure on fly-whisk hilt,
from Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria, 9th to 10th century.
Copper-alloy bronze, figure 6 3/16” high. National
Museum, Lagos.
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19-4A Roped water pot on a stand, from IgboUkwu, Nigeria, 9th to 10th century. Leaded
bronze, 1’ 11/16” high. National Museum,
Lagos.
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African Art 11th to 18th Centuries
• Examine the styles and subject matter of later African art and
media used, especially bronze and ivory.
• Explore the artistic differences between the Sudan and
Lower Nigeria.
• Recall specific cultures and their artistic contributions such as
Ife, Djenne, and Lalibela
• Discuss stylistic traits of regional African styles, especially the
idealized naturalism of Ile-Ife..
• Witness the blend of different cultures in Africa with the
introduction of Islam and Christianity
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• Observe the idealized
naturalism
• Notice that
disproportionately large head –
Ife seat of wisdom
Figure 19-6 King, from Ita Yemoo (Ife), Nigeria, 11th to 12th
century. Zinc-brass, 1’ 61/2” high.Museum of Ife Antiquities,
Ife.
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19-6A Head of an Ife king, from the Wunmonije
Compound, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 12th to 13th century. Zinc brass,
1’ 1/4" high. Museum of Ife Antiquities, Ife.
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19-7 Seated man, from Tada, Nigeria, 13th to 14th
century. Copper, 1’ 9 1/8” high. National Museum,
Lagos.
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Figure 19-8 Archer, from Djenne, Mali, 13th
to 15th century. Terracotta, 2’ 3/8” high.
National Museum of African Art,
Washington, D.C.
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Figure 19-9 Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Djenne, Mali, Begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-1907.
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Lalibela (Christian Ethiopia)
• Evaluate the influence of Christianity in the art and
architecture of Africa.
• Examine the art and architecture of Lalibela (Christian
Ethiopia).
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Figure 19-10 Beta Giorghis (Church of Saint George), Lalibela, Ethiopia, 13th century.
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Great Zimbabwe (12th to 15th centuries)
• Examine the architecture of Zimbabwe.
• Realize the significance of Great Zimbabwe as a crossroads
of world wide trade and consider how this influenced its art
and architecture
• Study the imagery and contemplate the meaning of Great
Zimbabwe’s monolithic sculpture
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Figure 19-11 Walls and tower, Great Enclosure, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 14th century.
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Figure 19-12 Monolith with bird and crocodile, from Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 15th
century. Soapstone, bird image 1’ 21/2” high. Great Zimbabwe Site Museum, Great
Zimbabwe.
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Benin Kingdom (13th to 16th centuries)
• Know the skill of Benin sculptors in working with various
materials including metals, ceramics, ivory, and wood
• Study the imagery of Benin art to understand the kingdom’s
religious iconography, political hierarchy, as well as the influence
of contacts with European expeditions
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Figure 19-13 Waist pendant of a Queen
Mother, from Benin, Nigeria, ca.1520. Ivory
and iron, 9 3/8” high. Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York (Michael C.
Rockefeller Memorial Collection, gift of
Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1972).
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19-13A Head of a Queen Mother, from Benin,
Nigeria, ca. 1520–1550. Bronze, 1’ 3 1/3” high.
British Museum, London.
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Figure 19-1 Altar to the Hand and Arm
(ikegobo), from Benin, Nigeria, 17th to 18th
century. Bronze, 1’ 512” high. British Museum,
London.
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Sapi People (15th to 16th centuries)
• Evaluate the impact of their contacts with Europeans on their art
• After examining Sapi sculpture, consider reasons for its imagery
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Figure 19-14 MASTER OF THE SYMBOLIC EXECUTION, saltcellar,
Sapi-Portuguese, from Sierra Leone, 15th to 16th century. Ivory, 1’ 4 7/8”
high. Museo Nazionale Preistorico e Etnografico Luigi Pigorini, Rome.
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Discussion Questions
What were some of the significant early to medieval
African civilizations? Give examples of and describe their
works of art.
Discuss the importance of the discovery of Great
Zimbabwe and the insights it provides regarding African
culture.
How did African artists incorporate the influence of nonAfricans into their art and architecture? What indigenous
qualities did African artists retain in their work?
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