Transcript THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

THE EARLY
MODERN PERIOD
•“Renaissance”
•1500-1700
Contents
• Related and alternative
designations
• Changing conditions
• Chronology
• Important Dates
• Outstanding Persons
• Major Atributes of the Language
RELATED AND
ALTERNATIVE
DESIGNATIONS
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
THE ELIZABETHAN AGE
PERIODS
OF
BRITISH
LITERATURE
About Timelines
Time has no divisions to mark its passage,
there is never a thunderstorm or blare of
trumpets
to announce the beginning of a new month or
year.
Even when a new century begins it is only we
mortals who ring bells and fire off pistols.
Thomas Mann, novelist, Nobel laureate (1875-1955)
450-1066:
Old English
(or Anglo-Saxon)
Period
1066-1500:
Middle English
Period
1500-1660:
The Renaissance
• 1500-1558: Tudor Period
• 1558-1603: Elizabethan
Age
• 1603-1625: Jacobean Age
• 1625-1649: Caroline Age
• 1649-1660: Commonwealth
Period (or Puritan Interregnum)
1660-1785:
The Eighteenth
Century:
The Neoclassical Period
• 1660-1700: The Restoration
• 1700-1745: The Augustan Age
(or Age of Pope)
• 1745-1785: The Age of Sensibility
(or Age of Johnson)
1785-1830:
The Romantic Period
The Age of Revolution
1830-1901:
The Victorian Period
Early, Middle and Late
Victorian
• 1848-1860: The PreRaphaelites
• 1880-1901: Aestheticism
and Decadence
1901-1960:
The Modern Period
• 1901-1910: The Edwardian
era
• 1910-1914: The Georgian
era
1960 - present:
Postmodern Period
CHRONOLOGY
Rulers
Historical Events
Literary Events
CHRONOLOGY
Historical Events Literary Events
Ruler
1500
Henry VII (1485-1509)
Henry VIII (1509-47)
Discovery of
America (1492)
Skelton
Dissolution of
Monasteries
(1536-39)
Tyndale’s Bible
Edward VI (1547-53)
Mary (1533-58)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Loss of Calais
1558)
CHRONOLOGY
Historical Events
Literary Events
Ruler
1600
James I (1603-1625) East India Co
founded (1600)
Union with Scotland
(1603)
First American
Colonies
Charles I (1625-49)
The
Commonwealth
(1649-60)
A.V. of Bible (1611)
Shakespeare First Folio
(1623)
Paradise Lost (1667)
CHRONOLOGY
Ruler
1600
Charles II (1660-85)
James II (1685-88)
William (16891702) and Mary
(1689-94)
Historical Events
Literary Events
Some Relevant Periods and
eras in English History
• Tudor period (1485–1603)
• Elizabethan era (1558–1603)
• Stuart Period (1603–1714)
Related and Alternative
Designations
• Early Modern English
(1500-1700)
• English Renaissance
• The Elizabethan Age
(1485-1625)
• The Elizabethan Era
(Queen Elizabeth I’s
Reign 1558–1603)
• The Golden Age in
English History
CHANGING CONDITIONS
FACTORS OF GREAT
IMPORTANCE TO LANGUAGE IN
MODERN TIMES
Changing Conditions in the
Development of English
1. Printing Press
2. Rapid spread of popular Education
3. Commerce, transportation and
rapid means of communication
4. Growth of specialized knowledge
5. Emergence of various forms of selfconsciouness about language
(Baugh 200)
Factor 1:
THE PRINTING PRESS
Printing introduced
into England about 1476
The printer's device of William Caxton, 1478.
• Invention of
printing from
movable type
exercised a farreaching
influence in the
vernacular
languages of
Europe.
Printing Press
Printed Books
Some Data
• 35000 Books
(majority in
Latin) printed in
Europe before
1500
• Over 20000
Titles in England
by 1640
The Printing Press
William Caxton
• English merchant,
diplomat, writer and
• First English person to
work as a printer
• First person to
introduce a printing
press into England.
• First English retailer of
books (his London
contemporaries were
all Dutch, German or
French).
(c. 1415~1422 – c.1492)
Printing Press
Effects on the English Language
• Standardisation of the English
language (that is, homogenising
regional dialects).
• Expansion of English vocabulary.
• Development of inflection and syntax
• Ever-widening gap between the
spoken and the written word.
Printing Press, Popular
Education and Literacy
DURING THE CENTURY and a
half of the English Renaissance,
the printing press became the
indispensable disseminator of
the written word and its use
was accompanied by a
corresponding spread of
popular education and literacy.
Factor 2:
RAPID SPREAD OF
POPULAR EDUCATION
Rapid Spread of Popular Education:
In the Later Middle Ages a
surprising number of people
could read and write
• A valentine letter
from Norfolk-based
Margery Brews to
her lover John
Paston III about
their forthcoming
marriage (1477)
Rapid Spread of Popular Education
In Shakespeare’s London
probably half of the people could
at least read
Rapid Spread of Popular Education:
17th and 18th
Prosperous trade class with
means to obtain education
• Increase in the number of
schools
• Journalistic output of Defoe
• Rapid rise of the novel
Factor 3:
COMMERCE,
TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION
• Exchange of commodities and
exchange of ideas are stimulating to
language.
• Extension of trade enlarged
vocabulary.
• Diversification results from
transportation
• Unification results from ease of
travel and communication.
People in contact –
Diversification and
Unification
Intermingling of language and
lessening of altered local
idiosyncracies
Factor 4:
GROWTH OF SPECIALIZED
KNOWLEDGE
• New knowledge requires new
vocabulary
• Latin less the vehicle for
learning
Factor 5:
SELF-CONSCIOUNESS
ABOUT LANGUAGE
• INDIVIDUAL: Adopting language
standards to improve social level
(similar to conformity to fashions).
• PUBLIC: e.g. 16th C. debates about
orthography
• 17th and 18th C. proposals for an
academy
• 20th language planning in former
colonies
Tudor period (1485–1603)
House of Tudor: Tudor
Dynasty
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
The Tudors: Henry VII, Henry VIII,
Edward VI, Lady Jane, Mary I and
Elizabeth I
Mary I and Queen
Elizabeth I
Henry VIII (1491 – 1547)
• King of England and Lord
of Ireland,
• Later King of Ireland and
claimant to the Kingdom
of France, from 1509 until
his death.
• Henry was the second
monarch of the House of
Tudor, succeeding his
father, Henry VII.
Katharine of Aragon, m. 1509 – 1533
Divorced 1485 –1536; Spanish: Henry's first wife.
• After death of
Arthur, her first
husband and
Henry's brother,
papal dispensation
necessary to
enable her to
marry Henry
• Catherine bore him
a daughter in 1516,
Mary I, but no sons
who survived past
infancy since they
were miscarriages
and stillborn.
Anne Boleyn m.1533 - 1536 Executed
1501/1507–19 May 1536
• Second wife of
Henry VIII of
England and
mother of Elizabeth
I of England.
• Henry's marriage
to Anne, and her
execution, made
her a key player in
the political
upheaval that was
the start of the
Reformation.
Jane Seymour m.1536 – 1537
Died
Birth: c.mid-1508 Death: 1537
• Henry's third wife.
• One of Anne
Boleyn's ladies-inwaiting.
• She gave him his
only male heir,
later Edward VI,
but died shortly
after birth of
puerperal fever.
Anne of Cleves m.1540 Jan – July
Divorced
(1515 – 1557)
• Henry's fourth
wife, for only six
months in 1540.
• Known as "The
Flanders Mare"
(the king disliked
her appearance).
• She was given the
name "The King's
Sister“ (friend to
him and his
children.
• She outlived both
the king and his
last two wives.
Kathryn Howard (1520? –1542)
m.1540 – 1542 Executed
• Henry's fifth wife
• Sometimes known
as "the rose
without a thorn".
• Henry was
informed of her
alleged adultery on
November 1, 1541.
• After being
deprived of the
title of Queen, she
was beheaded at
the Tower of
London.
Katherine Parr (1512 – 1548)
m.1543 – 1547 Widowed
• The sixth and last
wife of Henry VIII
• The most married
queen of England:
four husbands in
all; Henry was her
third spouse.
• After Henry's
death, married
Thomas Seymour,
had one child by
Seymour, Mary, and
died in childbirth.
Edward VI
Jane Seymour).
(son of Henry VIII and
Lady Jane Grey (1536 – 1554)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reign 6 July/10 July 1553 –
19 July 1553
Predecessor Edward VI
Successor Mary I
Consort Lord Guilford Dudley
Detail l Titles and styles
HM The Queen
Lady Jane Dudley
Lady Jane Grey
Born1536-1537
Died February 12, 1554
(aged 16)
Tower of London (executed)
Burial St Peter ad Vincula,
London
Mary I in 1554
by Anthonis Mor, Prado.
Reign:1553 - 1558
• Coronation1:
1553
• Predecessor:
Jane de facto;
Edward VI de
jure
• Successor:
Elizabeth I
• Consort: Philip II
of Spain
Signature
• Father Henry VIII
• Mother Catherine
of Aragon
• Born 18 February
1516)
Palace of
Placentia,
Greenwich
• Died 17 November
1558 (aged 42)
Saint James's
Palace, London
• Burial 14 December
1558
Westminster
Abbey, London
Elizabethan era
(1558–1603)
Elizabeth I , "Darnley
Portrait", c. 1575
• Reign17 November
1558 – 24 March 1603
• Coronation15 January
1559
• Predecessor Mary
• Successor James I
• Royal houseHouse of
Tudor
• Father Henry VIII
• Mother Anne Boleyn
• Born 7 September 1533
Greenwich, England
• Died 24 March 1603
(aged 69)
Richmond, England
• Burial Westminster
Abbey
Elizabeth I: The Virgin Queen,
Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess
• Reign: Queen of
England and Queen of
Ireland from 17
November 1558 until
her death.
• The fifth and last
monarch of the Tudor
dynasty.
• The daughter of Henry
VIII, she was born a
princess, but her
mother, Anne Boleyn,
was executed three
years after her birth,
and Elizabeth was
declared illegitimate
Stuart Period
(1603–1714)
Stuart Period
• Jacobean Age - James VI of
Scotland and I of England (16031625)
• Carolean Age - Charles I of England
and Scotland (1625-1649)
• Commonwealth (English
Interregnum : 11 years)
• Restoration Age : Charles II of
England (1660-1685) and Scotland
(1649-1685)
Stuart Period (Cont.)
• James II of England and VII of
Scotland (1685-1688)
• Mary II of England and Scotland
(1689-1694) - with William III of
England and II of Scotland (16891702), of the House of OrangeNassau, a descendant of Charles I
• Augustan Age - Anne of Great Britain
(1702-1714)
House of Stuart
James I
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Important Dates
• History of Early Modern
English Perspective
Important Dates
1460-1529 Life of John
Skelton
• Clergyman, satirist,
and poet.
• Typifies the
enormous growth
in the English
vocabulary.
• Introduces about
1500 new words
into the language.
Important Dates
1485-1509 Reign of Henry
VII
• First of the
Tudor
Dynasty
• His reign
marks the
end of
Middle
English
Important Dates
1509-1547 Reign of Henry
VIII
• The
Protestant
Reformation
reduces the
dominance
of Latin in
England.
Important Dates
1531 – Publication of Sir
Thomas Elyot’s
The Governour
• First book on
Education
printed in
England.
• Effort to
enrich the
vocabulary of
the EME with
foreign loans
Important Dates
1536-1547 Introduction of the
European Renaissance into
English poetry
• by Sir Thomas
Wyatt and Henry
Howard, Earl of
Surrey, who
develop the
Tudor lyric,
sonnet and
blank verse.
Important Dates
1550 Common Spelling
practices in Early Modern
English.
• The letter <S>
had two
distinct
lowercase
forms: <s> as
today, and <ſ>
(long s).
• The former was
used at the end
of a word, and
the latter
everywhere
else, except that
doublelowercase-S
was variously
written <ſſ> or
<ſs>.[
Important Dates
1550 Spelling practices
• <u> and <v>
different forms
of the same
letter.
• Typographically,
<v> was used at
the start of a
word and <u>
elsewhere;
• vnmoued
(for modern
unmoved)
• loue (for
love).
Important Dates
1550 Spelling practices
• <i> and <j> were
also not yet
considered two
distinct letters,
but different
forms of the
same letter.
• "ioy" for
"joy"
• "iust" for
"just".
Important Dates
1550 Spelling practices
• A silent <e> was
often appended
to words.
• The last
consonant
sometimes was
doubled when
adding this <e>.
• speake,
cowarde,
manne (for
man),
runne (for
run).
Important Dates
1550 Spelling practices
• The sound /ʌ/
was often
written <o> (as
in son).
• Hence
sommer,
plombe (for
modern
summer,
plumb).
Important Dates
1553 Publication of
Thomas Wilson's Art of
Rhetorique,
• A popular text of
Renaissance
England, used
by Shakespeare
• It defends
plainness in
writing and
opposes the use
of "inkhorn"
(learned foreign)
terms
Important Dates
1558-1603 Reign of
Elizabeth I
• Spectacular
growth of British
power
• Immense
language
development
• Immense
literary
achievement
Important Dates
1564 -1616 Life of William
Shakespeare
• Greatest
dramatic poet of
England, whose
artistic impact
on English
remains
tremendous
Important Dates
1579 Sir Thomas North's translation
of Plutarch's Lives of the Noble
Grecians and Romans
Source for
Shakespeare's
Roman plays
and epitome of
the popular
demand to share
in the riches of
the European
Renaissance.
Important Dates
1582 Publication of Richard
Mulcaster's Elementarie
Finest treatise on English spelling in the 16th
It was written as a pedagogical guide.
It was an attempt to make English language
and culture more respected and
accessible.
Important Dates
1588 Defeat of the Spanish
Armada
This leads to the European
supremacy of Britain and to the
global importance of English.
Important Dates
1604 Publication of Robert
Cawdrey's The Table
Alphabeticall of Hard Words
• First English
Dictionary.
• It marks the
beginning of
English
lexicography.
Important Dates
1607 Captain John Smith
founds Jamestown,
Virginia.
• Symbol of the
transplanting of English
to the colonies of the
growing British Empire
Important Dates
1611 Publication of the
King James or Authorized
Version of the Bible
One of the
greatest
literary
influences
on the
subsequent
development
of English.
Important Dates
1623 First Folio of
Shakespeare's plays.
• Mr. William
Shakespeares
Comedies,
Histories, &
Tragedies
• The first
published
collection of
William
Shakespeare's
plays.
Modern
scholars
commonly
refer to it
as the
First Folio
Important Dates
1642 Closing of the English
theaters by a Puritandominated Parliament
• This marks the
end of
Renaissance
drama, and
• Prepares the
way for
authoritarianism
in art and
language.
Important Dates
1649 Charles I is
beheaded.
Charles I (1600 –1649)
King of England, Scotland
and Ireland from 27
March 1625 until his
execution.
• Engaged in a struggle
for power with the
Parliament.
• Advocate of the Divine
Right of Kings.
• Levying of taxes
without Parliament's
consent, caused
widespread opposition.
• He was canonized in
1660.
OUTSTANDING
PERSONS
• Significant contributions to the
development of the English
Language
Outstanding Persons
Sir Francis Bacon (15611616)
• Father of the
English essay
and a key figure
in developing a
clear,
economical, and
precise English
prose style.
Outstanding Persons
Miles Coverdale (1488-1569)
William Tyndale (1492-1536)
Originators
of the great
prose style
of the Early
Modern
English
Bible.
Outstanding Persons
John Donne (1573-1631)
• Master of
metaphysical
poetry and the
eloquent
sermon.
Outstanding Persons
Robert Greene (1560-1592)
• Robert Greene
(1560-1592) One of
the perfecters of
Early Modern
English prose, first
great pamphleteer,
master of social
realism, and
forerunner of
Daniel Defoe.
Outstanding Persons
Henry Howard, Earl of
Surrey (1517-1547)
Father of
blank verse,
soon to
become the
great
dramatic
vehicle of
Renaissance
England.
Outstanding Persons
Ben Jonson (1573-1637)
Chief dramatic
rival of
Shakespeare,
master of comic
realism, and
forerunner of
the Neoclassical
Age and its
Authoritarian
English
Outstanding Persons
John Milton (1608 -1674)
• Last of the great
Elizabethans
and first of the
great Puritans,
Milton is a
transitional
figure in Early
Modern English.
Outstanding Persons
Sir Thomas More
(1478 -1535)
• One of the "Makers
of English," even
though his most
famous work
(Utopia, 1517) is
written in Latin,
the international
language of
Renaissance
scholars.
Outstanding Persons
Richard Mulcaster
(1530-1611)
• Teacher of
Edmund
Spenser, father
of English
orthography,
and champion of
the scholarly
use of Early
Modern English.
Outstanding Persons
William Shakespeare (1564
-1616)
The supreme
literary artist
of Early
Modern
English.
Outstanding Persons
Sir Philip Sidney
(1554 -1586)
Epitome of the
English
Renaissance: man
of letters and man
of action, a
perfecter of the
Elizabethan sonnet
and of Early
Modem English
prose.
Outstanding Persons
John Skelton
(1460 -1529)
One of the
"Makers of
English" and the
greatest single
contributor of
new words to
the vocabulary
of Early Modern
English.
Outstanding Persons
Edmund Spenser
(1552 -1599)
• Greatest
narrative poet of
the English
Renaissance
(The Fairie
Queene, 158099) and a reviver
of archaic
morphology
Outstanding Persons
Sir Thomas Wyatt
(1503 -1542)
• Father of the
Tudor lyric and
an importer of
European verse
forms into
English
literature.
MAJOR ATRIBUTES OF
THE LANGUAGE
MAJOR ATRIBUTES OF
THE LANGUAGE
• Orthographic
Stabilization
• Vocabulary
enrichment
• Prestige
• Phonemic
instability
• Analytic and
Hypotactic Syntax
• Variety in usage
and form
• Loss of old
inflectional system
• Idiomatic
constructions
• Morphological and
syntactical
flexibility
ADDITIONAL NOTES 1
• Periods and Eras in English
Literature
The End
Periods and eras in English
History
•
•
•
•
•
Tudor period (1485–1603)
Elizabethan era (1558–1603)
Stuart Period (1603–1714)
Jacobean era (1603 – 1625)
Caroline era (1625—1642)
• Georgian era (1714–1830)
• British Regency (1811–1820)
• Edwardian period (1901–1910)
ADDITIONAL NOTES 2
• Gutenberg’s Press
Johannes Gutenberg (c.1398 – 1468)
• Born c. 1398
Mainz, Electorate
of Mainz
• Died February 3,
1468
Mainz, Electorate
of Mainz
• Occupation
Engraver, Inventor,
and Printer
Gutenberg's Press
(1439)
• The mechanical
systems involved were
probably first
assembled in Germany
by the goldsmith
Johann Gutenberg
around 1439,based on
existing screw-presses
used to press cloth,
grapes etc., and
possibly to print
woodcuts, which were
printed in Europe
before Gutenberg.
ADDITIONAL NOTES 3
• Ancient Universities
Ancient university is a term used to describe
the medieval and renaissance universities of
England, Scotland and Ireland that have
continued to exist.
• University of Oxford – founded before 1167
• University of Cambridge – founded 1209
• University of St Andrews – founded 1413
(incorporating the University of Dundee
from 1897 to 1967)
• University of Glasgow – founded 1451
• University of Aberdeen – founded 1495 (as
King's College, Aberdeen)
• University of Edinburgh – founded 1583
• University of Dublin (Trinity College,
Dublin) – founded 1592
University of Oxford – founded
before 1167
University of Cambridge –
founded 1209
University of St Andrews –
founded 1413
University of Glasgow –
founded 1451
University of Aberdeen –
founded 1495
University of Edinburgh –
founded 1583
University of Dublin–
founded 1592
ADDITIONAL NOTES 4
• North:
• Plutarch’s prose
• And
• Shakespeare’s poetry
The difference between
Plutarch’s prose and
Shakespeare’s poetry
This difference can best be
shown by placing two famous
passages side by side. One of
the most striking parts of the
play [Julius Caesar] is the
oration of Mark Antony over
Caesar’s body.
Plutarch’s prose
and
Shakespeare’s poetry
“When Caesar’s body was brought
into the market place, Antonius
making his funeral oration in praise
of the dead, according the ancient
custom of Rome, and perceiving that
his words moved the common people
to compassion, he framed his
eloquence to make their hearts
yearn the more,
Plutarch’s prose
and
Shakespeare’s poetry
and taking Caesar’s gown all
bloody in his hand, he layed it
open to the sight of them all,
showing what a number of cuts
and holes it had in it. Therewith
all the people fell presently into
such a rage and mutiny that
there was not more order kept
among the common people.”
Plutarch’s prose and
Shakespeare’s poetry
“You all do know this mantle: I remember
The first time ever Cæsar put it on;
‘Twas on a summer’s evening, in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervii:
Look, in this place ran Cassius’ dagger
through:
See what a rent the envious Casca made:
Through this the well-beloved Brutus
stabb’d;
Plutarch’s prose and
Shakespeare’s poetry
And as he pluck’d his cursed steel away,
Mark how the blood of Cæsar follow’d it,
As rushing out of doors, to be resolved
If Brutus so unkindly knock’d, or no;
For Brutus, as you know, was Cæsar’s angel:
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Cæsar loved
him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all;
Plutarch’s prose and
Shakespeare’s poetry
For when the noble Cæsar saw him stab,
Ingratitude, more strong than traitor’s
arms,
Quite vanquish’d him : then burst his
mighty heart;
And, in his mantle muffling up his face,
Even at the base of Pompey’s statue,
Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar
fell.”
ADDITIONAL NOTES 5
• House of Tudor : Tudor Dynasty
• (Detailed Note)
House of Tudor: Tudor
Dynasty
Henry VII
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Margaret, Queen of Scots
Henry VIII
Elizabeth Tudor
Mary, Queen of France
Edmund, Duke of Somerset
Henry VIII
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Edward VI
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
ADDITIONAL NOTES 6
• Fine Arts Documentation
A wedding feast, c.1569.
Elizabeth ushers in Peace and Plenty.
Detail from The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor
Succession, c.1572, attributed to Lucas de Heere.
Works Cited and
Sources
• Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable. A
History of the English Language. Fifth
Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
2002.
• Bevington, David, ed. The Complete
Works of Shakespeare, Updated Fourth
Edition. USA: Longman, 1997.
• Bloomfield, Morton W., and Leonard
Newmark. A Linguistic Introduction to
the History of English. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1964
Works Cited and
Sources
• Brook, G.L. A history of the
English Language. New York:
Norton Library, 1958.
• Cuddon, J.A. The Penguin
Dictionary of Literary Terms and
Literary Theory. Fourth Edition.
London: Penguin Books, 1999.
Works Cited and
Sources
Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman
Anthology of British Literature. Volume
A. 2nd Compact Edition. London:
Longman, 2004.
• David Burnley. The History of the
English Language. 2nd ed. London:
Pearson Education, 2000.
• Glatthorn, Allan A., Charles W. Kreidler
& Enerst J.Heiman. The Dynamics of
Language. Book 4. USA: D.C. Heath
and Company, 1971.
Works Cited and
Sources
• Jordan, Constance, and Clare Carroll. “The
Early Modern Period.” The Longman
Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David
Damrosch. Vol.A. London: Longman, 2004.
391-1039.
• Miller, James E., Jr., Myrtle J. Jones, and
Helen McDonnel. England in Literature.
Macbeth Edition. London: Scott, Foresman
and Company, 1973.
• Nist, John. A Structural History of English.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966.
Videos and Films
• Elizabeth I the Virgin Queen. By
Paula Milne. Perf. Anne-Marie Duff,
Tom Hardy, Hans Matheson, Ian
Hart, et al. Masterpiece Theater.
BBC/Power and WGBH Boston Video,
2005.
• Samuel Johnson.. Dir. Malcolm
Hossick. The Famous Authors
Series. Videocassette. USA: Kultur.
Videos and Films
Schama, Simon. “The Body of the
Queen.” A History of Britain. The
History Channel. VHS Documentary.
BBC. New York: New Video, 2001. ,
• Twelfth Night. By William
Shakespeare. Dir. Trevor Nunn. Perf.
Helena Bonham Carter, Richard
E.Grant, Nigel Hawthorne, Ben
Kingsley, Mel Smith, Imelda
Staunton, Toby Stephens, Imogen,
Stubbs. USA: Fine Line Features.
Image Entertainment.
Works Cited and
Sources
Internet Sources
• Sixteenth Century Renaissance
English Literature (1485-1603)A
comprehensive guide to British
literature of the Renaissance
with over 100 original pages,
biographies, and works never
before published on the web.
www.luminarium.org/renlit