Reconstruction1strevised choice

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Transcript Reconstruction1strevised choice

Key Questions

1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?

4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?

3. How do we integrate and protect newly emancipated black freedmen?

Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the South after the Civil War.

•

freedmen

- Men and women who had been slaves.

•

Reconstruction

- rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

After the Civil War

• The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation.

• At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000. • These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

Amazing War Losses

www.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm

300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Battle Sickness North South

The following quote came from Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural address, March 4, 1865.

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

What do you think this quote means? What is President Lincoln speaking about?

The Defeated South

Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?

A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

I. Problems facing the South at the end of the Civil War

A. Physical 1. In some areas, every house, barn and bridge had been destroyed. 2. 2/3 of railroad tracks had been destroyed 3. Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta were leveled.

Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works Richmond, VA, April 1865

Above: Charleston, South Carolina Right: Atlanta, Georgia

Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia) This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia

· Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.

B. Economic

1. Confederate $ was worthless- Banks closed, borrowed $ was never returned 2. NO LABOR!!- 1/5 of all Southern men were killed

C. Freedmen-

education 4 Million of them with no land, no jobs, and no

· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.

Left and right:

post-Civil War Ohio Atlanta, GA

Re construction

The period of time after the Civil War when the South was rebuilt.

1865 - 1877 The federal program to rebuild the South.

D. POLITICAL STRUCTURE- Who is going to lead the South now?

Freedmen’s Bureau

· The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites.

A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

President Lincoln’s Plan



10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * * * * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s Plan

 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * * “loyal assemblies” They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH)  Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

 Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

 Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

 “Iron Clad” Oath.

President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill

Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan:

Once 10% of the state’s voters swore loyalty to the U.S….

II. …Southern states could rejoin the national government

after

they abolished slavery.

Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill:

I. It required that a U.S….

majority

of Southern white men swear loyalty to the II. …

and

denied former Confederate soldiers the right to vote or hold political office.

Jeff Davis Under Arrest

13 Amendment

 Ratified in December, 1865.



Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.



Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

   Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called

“carpetbaggers”

by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

•

Objectives:

The following presentation is divided into (3) sections with separate objectives:

1. Identify the conspiracy and conspirators in the plot involving Abraham Lincoln.

2. Describe what happened on the fateful evening of April 14, 1865.

3. Explain the events that occurred after the death of the President.

If you would like to go to a specific objective, click on the appropriate button.

John Wilkes Booth

• • • • • •

Born on May 10, 1838 in Maryland; the 9th of 10 children.

He was the lead in some of William Shakespeare's most famous works. He was a racist and Southern sympathizer during the Civil War. He hated Abraham Lincoln who represented everything Booth was against.

Booth blamed Lincoln for all the South's ills. BOOTH WANTED REVENGE!!!!

• • • •

…

other interesting facts about Booth

Started his acting career in 1855 and by 1860 was making $20,000 a year….

many called him "the handsomest man in America“ and he had an easy charm about him that attracted women….

In 1859 Booth was an eyewitness to the execution of John Brown and stood near the scaffold with other armed men to guard against any attempt to rescue John Brown before the hanging….

On November 9, 1863, President Lincoln viewed Booth in the role of Raphael in The Marble Heart in Ford’s Theatre

LEFT Booth (middle) with his brothers in Julius Caesar; RIGHT Booth in his teen years

The Conspirators….

George Atzerodt Samuel Arnold David Herold John Suratt Michael O'Laughlen Lewis Powell (Paine or Payne)

Booth’s Original Plan

•

In late summer of 1864 Booth began developing plans to kidnap Lincoln, take him to Richmond (the Confederate capital), and hold him in return for Confederate prisoners of war.

What happened?

• • •

Booth began using Mary Surratt's boardinghouse

(pictured left)

to meet with his co-conspirators.

On March 17, 1865, the group planned to capture Lincoln who was scheduled to attend a play at a hospital located on the outskirts of Washington. However, the President changed plans and remained in the capital. Thus, Booth's plot to kidnap Lincoln failed.

A Big Change of Plans…

•

On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. (War is over)

•

Two days later Lincoln spoke from the White House to a crowd gathered outside. Booth was present as Lincoln suggested in his speech that voting rights be granted to certain blacks.

•

Infuriated, Booth's plans now turned in the direction of

assassination.

Booth over the edge….

• •

Lincoln suggested conferring voting rights for some blacks; "on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers." Booth was enraged! He said, "Now, by God! I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever make."

The Opportunity….

• •

On April 14, Booth stopped at Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail. While there he learned of President Lincoln's plans to attend the evening performance of Our

American Cousin.

One last meeting….

• • • •

Booth held one final meeting with his co conspirators. He said he would kill Lincoln at the theatre (he had since learned that Grant had left town).

Booth gave the others their orders.

Booth also arranged to have a fast horse waiting for him.

Andrew Johnson

•

George Atzerodt was to kill Vice-President Andrew Johnson at the Kirkwood House where Johnson resided.

Johnson was not home when Atzerodt came calling.

William Seward

• •

Lewis Powell was assigned to kill Secretary of State William Seward. David Herold would accompany Powell.

Powell wildly attempted to stab Seward, but struck no fatal blows!!

What was the overall goal?

• •

All attacks were to take place simultaneously at approximately 10:15 P.M. that night. Booth hoped the resulting chaos and weakness in the government would lead to a comeback for the South.

Ford's Theatre

• •

between E and F streets in Washington, D.C.

Booth performed there twice – last time March18, 1865 – and was familiar with the layout.

Lincoln’s Evening

• • •

President Lincoln and his wife arrived late at 8:30 with Maj. Henry Rathbone and his girlfriend Clara Harris.

The play stopped and Hail to the Chief was sung as Lincoln made his was to the state box.

Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln’s regular bodyguard, was not available, so a new guard was assigned and was posted outside the door.

Lincoln’s Protection….

•

John Parker , a Washington police officer who had been assigned as Lincoln's bodyguard for the evening, met the President just as he was entering the box.

•

Parker, who did not have a very good record as a policeman, took his seat outside the box.

•

However, he found that he could not see the stage, so he left his post to find better seating.

•

Unbelievably, Parker then left the theater at intermission with Lincoln's footman and coachman. The three went to a saloon next to the theater for a drink.

Booth arrives….

• • • •

Booth arrived at Ford's Theatre in the vicinity of 9:30. Booth went to the tavern next to the theatre and requested a bottle of whiskey and some water. Another customer said to Booth, "You'll never be the actor your father was."

Booth replied, "When I leave the stage, I will be the most famous man in America."

The moment of truth….

• •

Booth entered Ford's lobby at about 10:07 P.M.

Booth could see the white door he needed to enter to get to Lincoln's State Box.

•

Charles Forbes, the President's footman, was seated next to the door and Booth apparently handed him a card.

•

Quietly, Booth then opened the door and entered the dark area in back of the box.

•

He propped the door shut with the wooden leg of a music stand which he had placed there on one of his earlier visits during the day

Lincoln Shot….

•

Booth put his derringer behind Lincoln's head near the left ear and pulled the trigger.

Major Rathbone

•

Rathbone began wrestling with the assassin, and Booth pulled out his knife and stabbed Rathbone in the left arm.

"Sic Semper Tyrannis"

• • • • •

Booth jumped 11 feet to the stage below. When he hit the floor he snapped the fibula bone in his left leg just above the ankle. Many in the theatre thought he yelled "Sic Semper Tyrannis" (Latin for "As Always to Tyrants“ Booth flashed his knife at the audience, and he made his way across the stage in front of more than 1,000 people. Everything happened so fast no one had time to stop him.

Booth flees on horse….

•

Booth went out the back door, climbed on his horse, and escaped from the city using the Navy Yard Bridge.

•

Booth met up with Herod and they headed for Lloyd's tavern that was leased from Mary Suratt in Surrattsville.

Dr. Mudd

•

About 4:00 A.M. Booth and Herold arrived at Dr. Mudd's home where Mudd set and splinted Booth's broken leg

Back in Washington….

•

After he examined Lincoln's head wound, army surgeon Charles A. Leale warned that the president would not survive a carriage ride to the White House.

•

Lincoln was carried across Tenth Street to the home of William Petersen, a German merchant-tailor. The Peterson House

Lincoln dies….

• • • •

Dr. Robert King Stone, the Lincoln's family doctor, arrived around 11:00 P.M., but there was little that anyone could do. The many doctors present knew that the president would not recover.

Lincoln never again regained consciousness. He died at 7:22 A.M. on April 15, 1865.

Wanted Men!!!

•

The morning of Lincoln's death, over two thousand soldiers rode out of Washington, D.C., in pursuit of the assassin.

•

Eleven days later, April 26, 1865, a group of soldiers and detectives tracked Booth down on Garrett farm near Port Royal, Virginia.

•

Orders where to bring them in ALIVE!!

Booth killed….

• • •

The lieutenant in charge at Garrett farm decided to ignite the barn that Booth was hold up in, hoping to force him out.

As the barn went up in flames, Booth stepped towards the door. Sergeant Boston Corbett then shot at Booth, hitting him in the back of the head. Booth died just over two hours later.

Trial of Conspirators….

• • •

The government charged 8 people with conspiracy.

On May 1, 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered the formation of a military commission to try the accused persons. The actual trial began on May 10th and lasted until June 30th .

Lewis Paine

• • • • •

Paine was charged with conspiracy and the attempted assassination of Secretary of State William Seward. Paine entered Seward's home the night of Lincoln's assassination. He knifed and pistol-whipped 5 people in the house. Luckily, all survived his brutality.

Paine was found guilty by the court and was hanged on July 7, 1865.

David Herold

• • •

Herold was charged with conspiracy, guiding Paine to Seward's home, and assisting Booth during his 12 days on the run after the assassination. When Booth and Herold were surrounded in a barn at Garrett's farm in Virginia, Herold gave up. He was found guilty and hanged on July 7, 1865.

George Atzerodt

• • • •

Atzerodt was charged with conspiring with Booth; his assignment was to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson.

Atzerodt rented a room in the Kirkwood House, the Vice President's hotel, and directed a series of "suspicious" questions to the hotel's bartender.

He made no attempt to kill Johnson. Nevertheless, he was found guilty and hanged on July 7, 1865.

Mary Suratt

• • •

Mary Surratt, boardinghouse owner, was charged with conspiring with Booth, "keeping the nest that hatched the egg," and running errands for Booth that facilitated his escape. It was alleged that Booth used her boardinghouse to meet with his coconspirators.

Mrs. Surratt was found guilty and was hanged on July 7, 1865.

Before sentence carried out

After the sentence…….

Dr. Samuel Mudd

• • •

Dr. Samuel Mudd was charged with conspiring with Booth and with aiding the semi-crippled assassin during his escape by sheltering him and setting his broken left leg. Mudd was found guilty and sentenced to life.

However, he received a pardon from President Andrew Johnson in February of 1869.

Sam Arnold

• • •

Arnold was charged with being part of Booth's earlier plot to kidnap President Lincoln.

He was found guilty and sentenced to life.

Like Dr. Mudd, he was pardoned by Andrew Johnson early in 1869. He lived until 1906.

Michael O'Laughlen

• • •

Like Arnold, O'Laughlen was charged with conspiracy to kidnap the president.

He was found guilty and sentenced to life. He died of yellow fever in prison at Ft. Jefferson on September 23, 1867.

Edman "Ned" Spangler

• • •

Spangler was charged with helping Booth escape from Ford's Theatre immediately after the assassination. Spangler was found guilty and sentenced to 6 years. He was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in 1869.

Lincoln’s Funeral Procession

Lincoln lying in state in the White House

The Funeral Procession

• •

Abraham Lincoln's funeral train left Washington on April 21, 1865.

It would essentially retrace the 1,654 mile route Mr. Lincoln had traveled as President-elect in 1861

Procession Route

• • •

Lincoln's body was carried by train in a grand funeral procession through several states on its way back to Illinois. He was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, where a 177 foot-tall granite tomb surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln.

The following slide is a map of the route. Springfield, Illinois

President Andrew Johnson

 Jacksonian Democrat.

 Anti-Aristocrat.

 White Supremacist.

 Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)  In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.

2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Comparing plans

• Lincolns 10% plan – Pardon to any confederate who takes an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery • Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union

Comparing plans

• Lincolns 10% plan – Pardon to any confederate who takes an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery – Denied pardons to all Confed. military and gov’t. officials and southerners that killed African American POWs.

Comparing plans

– After the 10% allegiance, each state could hold a convention to create a new state constitution • Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union – Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10% allegiance) – States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate (cast off or disown) the Confederate debt.

Comparing plans

– After the 10% allegiance, each state could hold a convention to create a new state constitution – After a new constitution, states could hold elections and resume full participation in the Union.

• Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union – Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10% allegiance) – States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate (cast off or disown) the Confederate debt union.

– After #3 was accomplished, states could then hold elections and rejoin the – * This plan was more generous to the South, although it denied pardons to all Conf. leaders, in reality Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally. He pardoned 13,000 southerners.

Growing Northern Alarm!

  Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.  Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?

Black Codes

 Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.

 Forced many blacks to become

sharecroppers

[tenant farmers].



Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.

 Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

 February, 1866 vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.

 President  March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

 Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 

1 st in U. S. history!!

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.

(February 1866)



14 Amendment

Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* * Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

 Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/39037665#38990389

The Balance of Power in Congress

State SC MS LA GA AL VA NC White Citizens 291,000 353,000 357,000 591,000 596,000 719,000 631,000 Freedmen 411,000 436,000 350,000 465,000 437,000 533,000 331,000

The 1866 Bi-Election

 A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

 Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

 Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

Radical Plan for Readmission

 Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.

 Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments.

 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867



Military Reconstruction Act

* * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment.

Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

 

Command of the Army Act

* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

 Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.

 A question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment

  Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

 The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

 11 week trial.

 Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals

 Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption.

* * * Credit Mobilier Scandal.

Whiskey Ring.

The “Indian Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed

(notorious head of

Tammany Hall’s

political machine) [

Thomas Nast

 crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872

    Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate.

Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

The Panic of 1873

 It raises “the money question.” * * debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks.

creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

 1875 

Specie Redemption Act.

 1876 

Greenback Party

formed & makes gains in congressional races

Legal Challenges



The Slaughterhouse Cases

 (1873) (reading of the amendment as not confined to protection of freed slaves, but rather as embracing the common law presumption in favor of an individual right to pursue a legitimate occupation.) 

Bradwell v. IL

 (1873) (ruling that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not include the right to practice a profession ) 

U. S. v. Reese

 (1876) (United States v. Reese was an 1876 voting rights case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld such practices as the poll tax, the literacy test, and the grandfather clause. This case helped to undermine African Americans and their rights included in the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution. )

Colfax massacre

• Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, an armed white militia attacked Republican freedmen who had gathered at the Colfax, Louisiana courthouse to protect it from a Democratic takeover. Although some of the blacks were armed and initially defended themselves, estimates were that 100 280 were killed, most of them following surrender, and 50 were being held prisoner that night. A total of three whites were killed. • Resulting from decision made on slaughterhouse.

• The word "servitudes" in the 13th amendment refers to "personal servitudes" not property rights, because of the qualifying word "involuntary." The purpose of the 13th amendment was thus to etch freedom for slaves into the constitution so that it later would not be questioned or avoided. • The 14th amendment was a further step needed to protect former slaves from the "black codes." The 15th amendment must be grouped in with the 13th and 14th, and it was specifically for black suffrage. • These three amendments were ratified to counteract the specific evils of discrimination against former slaves. They did not create any further guarantees of privileges that did not already exist.

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

 Furnishing Merchant Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

 Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.

 Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

 Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

 Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

 Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.  Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule in the South?

Blacks in Southern Politics

 Core voters were black veterans.

 Blacks were politically unprepared.

 Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

 The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

15 Amendment

    Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Invisible Empire of the South”



The Failure of Federal Enforcement

Enforcement Acts

of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].

 “The Lost Cause.”  The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the Southern United States to the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the Civil War of 1861 – 1865.



Redeemers

 (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

    Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

Northern Support Wanes

 “Grantism” & corruption.



Panic of 1873

depression].

[6-year  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.

 Key monetary issues: * * should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.