Transcript Dr. Nkgatho Sylvester Tlale

Harnessing Science and
Technology for Africa’s
Advancement
Dr. Nkgatho Sylvester Tlale
Ph. D., M. Sc. (Eng.), B. Sc. (Mech.) Eng. (UKZN)
MBA (UP)
Outline
• Context
• Challenges, strengths and opportunities
• Competitiveness and technology
Context
Global Challenges
• Global warming
• Lack of clean water
• Population growth and Inequitable
distribution of resources (water, food, etc.)
• Diseases and healthcare
Contribution to World Economy
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Global manufacturing output by country (1750-2000)
(Tseng et al, 2003)
The Who’s Who of the World
World Bank, 2009
The Who’s Who of the world, continued..
World Bank, 2009
African Economies, Size and Population
World Bank, 2009
African Economies, Size and Population,
continued...
World Bank, 2009
African Economies, Size and Population,
continued...
World Bank, 2009
African Economies, Size and Population,
continued...
World Bank, 2009
African Economies, Size and Population,
continued...
World Bank, 2009
Growth and Poverty Reduction Over
Recent Decades
Africa Competitiveness Report, 2009
Challenges, Strengths
and Opportunities
Africa: Only 18% of women are using modern contraceptives,
compared with 56% in other developing nations. About 40% of
children under five are chronically malnourished. Africa is the only
region with a median age below 20 today, and in 2050 the share of
population aged 60 or above will still be just slightly above 10%.
Very rapid growth of the youth population and low prospects for
employment in most nations in sub-Saharan Africa and some
nations in the Muslim world could lead to prolonged instability until
at least the 2030s. Population of urban areas in Africa could
increase to 759 million by 2030 from 373 million today. Much of the
urban management class is being seriously reduced by AIDS, which
is also lowering life expectancy. Conflicts continue to prevent
development investments, ruin fertile farmland, create refugees,
compound food emergencies, and prevent better management of
natural resources. South Africa could get more migrants if political,
economic, and environmental conditions worsen in its neighbors.
(Milennium Project, 2009)
African Challenges
• Poverty
Percentage of the population in sub-Saharan Africa living in
poverty
Africa Competitiveness Report, 2009
African Challenges, continued
• Poor health care systems
• Poor education systems: Half of the world’s
children out of school are in sub-Saharan Africa
• Poor infra-structure
• Mineral based economies
• Sub-optimum use of agricultural land
• Political instability
• Rule of law
• Role modelling
• Apathy
• Colonisation by China?
• High tech–low wage conditions of China and India
African Strengths
• Natural resources
• Combined market of about 1b
– Market fragmented though
• Young population
• Political progress
• Passion?
Changing World:
Erosion of Western Dominance
(André Roux, IFR, 2010)
(André Roux, IFR, 2010)
Competitiveness and
Technology
Growth Commission
• In order to meaningfully reduce poverty and
unemployment, economies need to grow at 7% a
year for 25 consecutive years
• 13 countries have recorded an average growth
rate of 7%/an. for 25 years or longer since 1950
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Botswana
Brazil
China
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Japan
Thailand
- Rep. of Korea
- Malaysia
- Malta
- Oman
- Singapore
- Taiwan
(Growth Commission)
Gross Domestic Product Based on
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per capita
Africa Competitiveness Report, 2009
Global Competitiveness Report, 2009
12 Pillars of Competitiveness, Africa Competitiveness Report,
2009
Global Competitiveness
Rank
Country
1
Switzerland
2
United States
3
Singapore
4
Sweden
5
Denmark
6
Finland
7
Germany
8
Japan
9
Canada
10
Netherlands
11
Hong Kong, SAR
12
Taiwan, China
13
United Kingdom
14
Norway
15
Australia
The Global
Competitiveness
Index 2009–2010
Global Competitiveness, continued...
Rank
Country
16
France
17
Austria
18
Belgium
19
Korea, Rep.
20
New Zealand
21
Luxembourg
22
Qatar
23
United Arab Emirates
24
Malaysia
25
Ireland
26
Iceland
27
Israel
28
Saudi Arabia
29
China
30
Chile
The Global
Competitiveness
Index 2009–2010
Global Competitiveness, continued...
Rank
Country
31
Czech Republic
32
Brunei Darussalam
33
Spain
34
Cyprus
35
Estoria
36
Thailand
37
Slovenia
38
Bahrain
39
Kuwait
40
Tunisia
...
45
South Africa
....
66
Botswana
133
Zimbabwe
The Global
Competitiveness
Index 2009–2010
Global Competitiveness, continued...
African Performance wrt Technological
Indicators
Country
Technological Readiness Innovation
Global Leader Netherlands
USA
Tunisia
52
27
South Africa
Botswana
Mauritius
49
89
55
37
83
80
Morocco
Namibia
Egypt
78
85
84
78
111
67
Gambia, The
Libya
Kenya
91
98
93
81
100
42
African Performance wrt Technological
Indicators, continued...
Country
Technological Readiness Innovation
Nigeria
Senegal
94
81
65
59
Algeria
Ghana
Benin
114
115
113
113
114
95
Cote d’Ivoire
Zambia
Tanzania
Cameroon
99
106
117
110
105
92
101
108
Mali
105
79
African Performance wrt Technological
Indicators, continued...
Country
Malawi
Ethiopia
Lesotho
Technological Readiness
127
132
125
Innovation
94
109
97
Madagascar 111
Burkina Faso 120
Uganda
121
87
89
72
Mozambique
Mauritania
Burundi
Zimbabwe
116
102
131
129
120
125
123
119
Chad
134
130
12 Pillars of Competitiveness and
Economic Stages
Mineral based
economy
(Stage 1)
Manufacturing
economy
(Stage 2)
Service economy
(Stage 3)
Africa Competitiveness Report, 2009
Stage 1
Benin
1 to 2
Stage 2
Botswana Algeria
Burkina Faso Libya
Burundi
Morocco
Cameroon
Chad
2 to 3 Stage 3
?
?
Mauritius
Namibia
South Africa
Tunisia
Cote d’Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gambia, The
Ghana
Kenya
...
Zwimbabwe
Stages of development of
African countries (Africa
Competitiveness Report,
2009)
Technology for Development
For long term economic development:
• Innovation: competitive advantage, IP&
commercialisation
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
Research institutes
• Labour
Tertiary education(Huq,
for all
2004).
Basic education for all
Health care for all
Rule of Law
Required Elements of S&T
• Design (how do we sell this motion?)
• Technology (we can use combustion to produce
motion?)
• Engineering (how we use combustion to produce linear
and rotary motion?)
• Maths (can we predict how combustion will take
place?)
• Science (how does combustion of petro-chemical takes
places?)
Strategies for Technology Development
Backward integration
Forward integration
Product lifecycle activities for the SA
transport sector (Pretorius, 2002)
Value/Benefits of Technology e.g.
Manufacturing
Finance (0.5 jobs
Mining (1 jobs)
Processing of raw materials (0.5 jobs)
Value added product (0.5 jobs)
Retail (1 jobs)
Demand for a product
Utilities (0.5 jobs)
•
•
•
•
Global Trends
Language and STEM proficiency
Multi-nationals and globalisation (pre 1990)
Specialisation (post 1990)
Inter-govermental collaboration (e.g. earth
observation systems)
• Open Innovation
Example of the Use of S&T Platforms for
Societal Benefit
• Cape Verde has used the e-goverment concept
and has successful had an e-elections
• Web 2.0 played an important role in antigovernment protests in Egypt.
• South Africa has used mobile phone text
messages to encourage people to get tested
and treated for HIV/AIDS.
• South Africa micro-jel for HIV/AIDS prevention
Advantages of Using STEM
•
•
•
•
•
•
Optimum decision making
Development of vaccines and medicines
Development of new energy alternatives
Global monitoring and warning system
Job creation
Better use of resources
Dangers of Technology
• Future desktop molecular and pharmaceutical
manufacturing