Transcript slides
1146-49 Reign of Sayf al-Din (at Mosul) 1146-74 Reign of Nur al-Din Bernard of Clairvaux Second Crusade Louis VII of France (r. 1137-80) Conrad III of Germany (r. 1138-52) June 1148 Crusaders decide to attack Damascus 1153 Baldwin III (r. 1143-63) captures Ascalon 1154 Nur al-Din takes control of Damascus 1160s Struggle for Fatimid Egypt Jan 1169 Shirkuh becomes vizier of Egypt Mar 1169 Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin, r. 1169-93) becomes vizier of Egypt 1171 Death of last Fatimid caliph. Saladin abolishes Fatimid caliphate 1174 Death of Nur al-Din 1174-86 Saladin takes control of Syria Map Link: Saladin’s Conquests: <http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/the_west/ crusades1187-map1.jpg> 4th July 1187 Saladin destroys Crusaders’ field army at the Horns of Hattin Guy de Lusignan (r. 1186-90) Reynald de Chatillon 1187-90 Saladin takes most of coast including Jerusalem (2nd Oct 1187) Map Link: The Battle of Hattin, 1187: <http://www.hist.umn.edu/courses/hist3613/calendar/ saladin/images/Map%20--%20battle%20of%20 Hattin.jpg> Map Link: The Levant in 1190: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/0/01/Crusader_States_1190.svg/441 px-Crusader_States_1190.svg.png> Third Crusade Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-90) Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223) Richard I Lionheart (r. 1189-99) June 1190 Frederick I drowns in R. Saleph in Armenia Summer 1191 Richard and Philip arrive at Acre, which is besieged by Guy de Lusignan July 1191 Acre surrenders to the Crusaders. Philip soon returns home 1191-92 Richard I and Saladin fight each other to a standstill Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard leaves Levant, ends up imprisoned in Austria 4th March 1193 Death of Saladin Map Link: The Levant in 1197: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/9/96/Levant_1197-fr.svg/440px-Levant _1197-fr.svg.png> 1190 Death of Princess Sybilla and Guy de Lusignan’s claim to the throne of Jerusalem. Guy becomes King of Cyprus April 1192 Death of Conrad de Montferrat, second husband of Princess Isabella. Isabella marries Henry of Champagne (r. 1192-97) Interactions between Crusaders and Muslims: Alliances/co-existence Friendly relations Trade in goods and ideas Religious conflicts with: Muslims Jews Eastern Christians Issues regarding tolerance between Muslims, Crusaders (Catholics), Eastern Christians, Jews Social classes in the Crusader states: Nobility Burgesses Subject peoples Clergy, headed by Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem (Acre) Early 13th c. Carmelites officially recognised by papacy c. 1118 Foundation of the Order of the Temple (Templars) 1129 Templars receive Templar Rule By 1290 Templars hold property all over Europe 10th c. Foundation of Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem mid-12th c. Militarisation of the order, becomes Order of the Knights of St John (Hospitallers) Early 1100s Foundation of German hospice in Jerusalem, destroyed 1187 c. 1190 Foundation of German hospital at Acre 1199 Pope approves Order of St Mary of the Teutons (Teutonic Knights) Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188) Usama ibn Murshid ibn ‘Ali ibn Munqidh From Shayzar in N. Syria Lived in Shayzar until c. 1131, then served Zangi for a few years before returning home. Exiled from Shayzar again in 1138 Murshid (d. 1137) Sultan Map Link: The Levant c. 1140: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb /7/7d/SASH_D189_Map_of_the_crusader_states_ of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg/400px-SASH_D189_ Map_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg> Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188) Joined court in Damascus, but became embroiled in politics and had to leave in 1144. Went to Egypt. Became embroiled in politics and had to leave in 1154. Joined court of Nur al-Din in Damascus Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/1095-16/11/1188) Retired to Hisn Kayfa in c. 1164. In 1174 allowed son to persuade him to join court of Saladin. Usama and Saladin fell out two years later Best known to historians for Kitab al-I‘tibar (Book of Learning by Example)