Transcript PowerPoint - Berry and Associates Spatial Information Systems
Geotechnology in Transition:
Evolution, Current Practice, Trends and Future Directions
Presentation by
Joseph K. Berry
W.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences, University of Denver Principal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems 2000 S. College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 80525 Phone: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]
Website at www.innovativegis.com/basis
Where Are Headed?
This presentation investigates the context, conditions and forces driving the transition from…
― ― ― ―
Maps
to to to
Mapped Data Map Analysis
, ,
Multimedia Mapping
and beyond (
Future Directions
) It does so by first establishing Geotechnology’s Evolution , then describing the duality of current Trends of advancing both descriptive mapping and prescriptive analysis, and finally proposing probable Future that will shake the very foundation of spatial data configuration and utility
PowerPoint posted at
www.innovativegis.com/basis/Present/SWUG09/SWUG09_keynote.ppt
(Berry)
Historical Setting and GIS Evolution
Manual Mapping for 8,000+ years We have been mapping for thousands of years with the primary of navigation through unfamiliar terrain and seas, with emphasis on precise placement of physical features.
…but the last four decades have radically changed the very nature of maps and how they are used—
Computer Mapping
cartographic process
( 70s )
…automates the Where
Spatial Database Management
…links computer mapping with database capabilities
( 80s )
Map Analysis
Where is What
Part 1
…representation of relationships within and among mapped data
( 90s )
Multimedia Mapping
Why and So What
Part 2
…full integration of GIS, Internet and visualization technologies
( 00s )
More
Wow!!!
…did you see that
Part 3
…future directions in Geotechnology
( 10s )
(Berry)
(Nanotechnology)
Geotechnology
(Biotechnology)
Geotechnology
is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications
(U.S. Department of Labor)
Geographic Information Systems (map and analyze) Global Positioning System (location and navigation) Remote Sensing (measure and classify)
GPS/GIS/RS
The Spatial Triad
Mapping
involves precise placement (delineation) of physical features
( graphical inventory ) Where
Descriptive Mapping
Why is and What
Prescriptive Modeling
So What
Modeling
involves analysis of spatial relationships and patterns
( numerical analysis )
(Berry)
Desktop Mapping Framework
(Vector, Discrete)
Click on… Select Theme Zoom Pan Query Builder …identify tall aspen stands Info Tool Theme Table Distance Spatial Table
: Object ID X,Y X,Y X,Y :
Attribute Table
Feature Species : : Object ID Aw : : etc.
Big …over 400,000m 2 (40ha)?
Discrete, irregular map features (objects) Points , Lines and Areas (Berry)
MAP Analysis Framework
(Raster, Continuous)
Click on… Zoom Pan Rotate Display Shading Manager Grid Analysis …calculate a slope map and drape on the elevation surface Continuous, regular grid cells (objects) Points , Lines , Areas and Surfaces Grid Table
: --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, --, 2438 , --, : --, --, --, --,
(Berry)
Part 1
Map Analysis Evolution
(SA and SS)
Traditional GIS Spatial Analysis
Forest Inventory Map •
Points, Lines, Polygons
•
Discrete Objects
•
Mapping and Geo-query Traditional Statistics
Minimum= 5.4 ppm Maximum= 103.0 ppm Mean= 22.4 ppm StDEV= 15.5
•
Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)
•
Central Tendency
•
Typical Response (scalar)
Terrain Slope Surface •
Cells, Surfaces
•
Continuous Geographic Space
•
Contextual Spatial Relationships Spatial Statistics
Spatial Distribution (Surface) •
Map of Variance (gradient)
•
Spatial Distribution
•
Numerical Spatial Relationships
(Berry)
Travel-Time for Our Store to Everywhere
A store’s Travelshed identifies the relative driving time from every location to the store —
…analogous to a “watershed”
Relative scale: 1 = .05 minutes
OUR STORE …close to the store (blue)
(See Location, Location, Location: Retail Sales Competition Analysis , www.innovativegis.com/basis/present/GW06_retail/GW06_Retail.htm) (Berry)
Travel-Time for Competitor Stores
Ocean Our Store (#111) Competitor 3 Ocean Competitor 1 Competitor 4 Ocean Competitor 2 Competitor 5 Ocean Ocean Ocean Travel-Time maps from several stores treating highway travel as four times faster than city streets.
Blue tones indicate locations that are close to a store (estimated twelve minute drive or less). Customer data can be appended with travel-time distances and analyzed for spatial relationships in sales and demographic factors.
(Berry)
Travel-Time Surfaces
(Our Store & Competitor #4)
Blue tones indicate locations that are close to a store (estimated twelve minute drive or less). Increasingly warmer tones form a bowl-like surface with larger travel-time values identifying locations that are farther away. Our Store Competitor
(Berry)
Competition Map
(Our Store & Competitor #4)
The travel-time surfaces for two stores can be compared (subtracted) to identify the relative access advantages throughout the project area. Zero values indicate the same travel-time to both stores (equidistant travel-time) …yellow tones identifying the Combat Zone ; green Our Store advantage; red Competitor #4 advantage Competitor Our Store Our Advantage Positive Negative Competitors
(See Location, Location, Location: Retail Sales Competition Analysis , www.innovativegis.com/basis/present/GW06_retail/GW06_Retail.htm) (Berry)
Map Analysis Evolution
(SA and SS)
Traditional GIS Spatial Analysis
Forest Inventory Map Store Travel-Time (Surface) •
Points, Lines, Polygons
•
Discrete Objects
•
Mapping and Geo-query Traditional Statistics
•
Cells, Surfaces
•
Continuous Geographic Space
•
Contextual Spatial Relationships Spatial Statistics
Minimum= 5.4 ppm Maximum= 103.0 ppm
Mean= 22.4 ppm StDev
= 15.5
•
Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)
•
Central Tendency
•
Typical Response (scalar)
Spatial Distribution (Surface) •
Map of Variance (gradient)
•
Spatial Distribution
•
Numerical Spatial Relationships
(Berry)
GeoExploration
vs.
GeoScience
“Maps are numbers first, pictures later”
Desktop Mapping
graphically links generalized statistics to discrete spatial objects (Points, Lines, Polygons)— non-spatial analysis (GeoExploration)
Desktop Mapping Data Space Standard Normal Curve
X, Y, Value
Field Data Map Analysis Geographic Space
Point Sampled Data (Numeric Distribution)
Average = 22.0
StDev = 18.7
Discrete Spatial Object 22.0
Spatially Generalized
(Geographic Distribution)
Continuous Spatial Distribution Spatially Detailed
High Pocket
Adjacent Parcels
Map Analysis
map-ematically relates patterns within and among continuous spatial distributions (Map Surfaces)— spatial analysis and statistics (GeoScience) (See Beyond Mapping III, “Epilog”, Technical and Cultural Shifts in the GIS Paradigm , www.innovativegis.com/basis ) (Berry)
Spatial Interpolation
(Spatial Distribution)
The “iterative smoothing” process is similar to slapping a big chunk of modeler’s clay over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away the excess to leave a continuous surface that encapsulates the peaks and valleys implied in the original field samples … mapping the Variance (digital slide show SSTAT )
…repeated smoothing slowly “erodes” the data surface to a flat plane
= AVERAGE (Berry)
Visualizing Spatial Relationships
Phosphorous (P)
Geographic Distribution
What spatial relationships do you SEE?
…do relatively high levels of P often occur with high levels of K and N?
…how often?
…where?
(Berry)
Clustering Maps
…groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field with similar data patterns– data zones
Spatial Data Mining Map surfaces are clustered to identify data pattern groups
Relatively low responses in P, K and N Relatively high responses in P, K and N
Geographic Space Data Space Clustered Data Zones
…other techniques, such as Level Slicing, Similarity and Map Regression, can be used to discover relationships among map layers … map-ematics/statistics (See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 16”, Characterizing Spatial Patterns and Relationships , www.innovativegis.com/basis) (Berry)
The Precision Ag Process
(Fertility example)
As a combine moves through a field it 1) uses GPS to check its location then 2) checks the yield at that location to 3) create a continuous map of the Steps 1) – 3) yield variation every few feet. This map is 4) combined with soil, terrain and other maps to derive 5) a “Prescription Map” that is used to 6) adjust fertilization levels every few feet in the field (variable rate application).
On-the-Fly Yield Map Map Analysis Farm dB Step 4) Zone 3 Cyber-Farmer, Circa 1992 Zone 2 Zone 1 Prescription Map Step 5) Variable Rate Application Step 6) (See Who’s Minding the Farm , http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/present/GW98_PrecisionAg/GW98_PrecisionAg.htm) (Berry)
Recall that in the beginning we had…
Computer Mapping
automates the cartographic process
( 70s )
Spatial Database Management
mapping with database capabilities
( 80s )
links computer
Mapping and Geo-query
Map Analysis
representation of relationships within and among mapped data
( 90s )
Part 1
Spatial Analysis
(Contextual)
Knock-your-socks-off
Spatial Statistics
(Numerical)
Map-ematics
Part 2
Multimedia Mapping
full integration of GIS, Internet and visualization technologies
( 00s )
Map Delivery/Devices
Map Display
Geospatial Multimedia
Virtual Reality
…4 thrusts driving MMM
(Berry)
Part 2
Multimedia Mapping
1) Map Delivery/Devices
(00’s …now)
2) Map Display Interactive Maps GPS/GIS Enabled Devices and Internet Mapping 3) Geospatial Multimedia Animated Maps 4) Virtual Reality Maps with Integrated
Photos Video Audio Text Data Rendered Scenes
(Berry)
3-D Visualization Approaches
(Mega-Trend #4)
Image Draping
- is an established technique in GIS. Draping a topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols. “Map Abstraction”
SportsTracker (MapTrek, 1998)
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization
(Rendering Technique)
“Laying the Carpet” Step 1) 3-D Terrain Surface Step 4) Tree Objects Step 2) Polygon Containers Step 5) Final Composition Step 3) Surface Texture Step 6) Atmospheric Effects “Pouring the Trees” (See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 12”, Landscape Visualization , www.innovativegis.com/basis) (Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts
(GIS Rendering) Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts
(Clear cut)
Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts
(Water retention cut)
Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Conditions
Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)
…changing the landscape’s carpet and objects to simulate different conditions—
TODAY there is a big difference…
…modern Rendered Scenes approach photographic realism
World Construction Set (3D Nature, 2007)
Forest inventory data establishes tree types , stocking density and maturity —
3D Objects
Summer
(diseased)
Before Fire Winter After Fire …replaces “old pastel colors and abstract symbols”
After Snowfall (ski run)
(Berry)
Part 3
Future Directions
(2010 and beyond)
Future Directions Revisit Analytics (2020s) Multimedia Mapping (2000s) Revisit Geo-reference (2010s) Contemporary GIS Spatial dB Mgt (1980s) GIS Modeling (1990s) The Early Years Mapping focus Data/Structure focus Analysis focus Computer Mapping (1970s)
(See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 27”, GIS Evolution and Future Trends , www.innovativegis.com/basis) (Berry)
Dominant Driving Forces
(three game changers)
Cloud Computing
(rise of the Netbook)
— a “hosted elsewhere” environment that moves applications, services, and data from local storage to a dispersed set of servers and datacenters
1) it involves
Virtualized Resources
…meaning that workloads are allocated among a multitude of interconnected computers acting as a single device 2) it is
Dynamically Scalable
…meaning that the system can be readily enlarged 3) it acts as a
Service
…meaning that the software and data components are shared over the Internet.
(See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 27”, GIS Evolution and Future Trends , www.innovativegis.com/basis)
Changes in Our Map Paradigm
(“-ists” and “-ologists”) —
differences between the spatial Data/Information describing geographic phenomena and the Knowledge/Wisdom needed for prescribing management action that solve complex spatial problems
Alternative Geographic Referencing
(3D GIS) —
a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), and verticals (Z) defining an imaginary matrix of grid elements, or “voxels,” that are a direct volumetric extension of the “pixels” in a 2D raster image (Berry)
Changes in Our Map Paradigm
(“-ists” and “-ologists”)
Current geotechnology innovation is being driven more and more by users. Innovation —
“a creation, a new device or process resulting from study and experimentation”
—is usually thought of as canonic advancements leading technology and not market-driven solutions following demand
“ user-driven GIS innovation ” … viable solutions require a melding of the minds of— Technology Experts
(“-ists”) and
Domain Experts
(“-ologists”)
GeoExploration GeoScience
…so what is the source of the differences that are taking us beyond mapping?
Second Game Changer (See Beyond Mapping III, “Epilog”, Technical and Cultural Shifts in the GIS Paradigm , www.innovativegis.com/basis ) (Berry)
Spatial Reasoning & Dialog
(Understanding)
Many GIS technologists perceive maps and mapping as precise placement of physical features ( Description of facts — Mapping )
Philosopher’s Progression of Understanding—
Data
(all facts)
Information
(facts within a context
)
…
GeoExploration
emphasizes tools for data access and visualization (Data Centric)
Mapping focus Analysis focus
…
GeoScience
emphasizes tools for analysis of spatial patterns/relationships (Application Centric)
Knowledge
(interrelationships among relevant facts)
Wisdom
(actionable knowledge)
…but many applications deal with “opposing truths” in judgment and view maps as fluid, cognitive drawings
( Prescription of relationships — Analysis ) (Berry)
Spatial Reasoning & Dialog
(Judgment)
Many GIS technologists perceive maps and mapping as precise placement of physical features ( Description of facts — Mapping )
Cognitive Levels of Judgment —
…accounts for individual and collective values in the interpretation of mapped data
Mapping focus Analysis focus
Perception
involves beliefs and preferences based on experience, socialization and culture —development of perspective
Opinion/Values
implies actionable beliefs that reflect preferences, not universal truths
But many applications deal with opposing “truths” in judgment and sees maps as fluid, cognitive drawings ( Prescription of relationships — Analysis ) (Berry)
Spatial Reasoning & Dialog
(Map Types and Processing)
Many GIS technologists perceive maps and mapping as precise placement of physical features ( Description of facts — Mapping )
Producers Consumers
Mapping focus Analysis focus But many applications deal with opposing “truths” in judgment and sees maps as fluid, cognitive drawings ( Prescription of relationships — Analysis ) (See Beyond Mapping III, “Epilog”, Technical and Cultural Shifts in the GIS Paradigm , www.innovativegis.com/basis ) (Berry)
Geographic Referencing
(Traditional 2D GIS)
Vector
Discrete Spatial Objects (vector) —
Point (X,Y) as fundamental unit
Points, Lines , Areas
Raster
Continuous Surfaces (grid) —
Cell (Col,Row) as fundamental unit
Points, Lines , Areas Surfaces
Third Game Changer
Cartesian Coordinate System
(X, Y, and Z) —
both the traditional 2-D map and virtual reality’s 3-D visualization view the earth as a surface—
…flattened to a pancake or curved and wrinkled a bit to reflect the surficial topography of an area
(Berry)
Alternative Geographic Referencing
(3D GIS)
Vector
Discrete Spatial Objects (vector) —
Point (X,Y,Z) as fundamental unit
…extremely difficult to extend to 3-dimensional geography as complex equations or facet sets must be used
Raster
Continuous Surfaces (grid) —
Cell (Col,Row,Vertical) as fundamental unit
Points, Lines , Areas, Surfaces and Volumes
Database Referencing System
(Col, Row, and Vertical) —
a Geodetic Referencing system (geographic position) used in identifying an “areal extent” in two-dimensions on the earth’s surface can be extended to a Database Referencing system (matrix location) effectively defining a 3 dimensional “project block” —
Col,Row,Vertical (Where) plus Attribute (What)
(See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 27”, GIS Evolution and Future Trends , www.innovativegis.com/basis) (Berry)
Alternative Grid Elements
(Hexagon and Dodecahedral)
Tightly Clustered Groupings
Continuous Nested Grid Elements
Hexagonal Grid
(6 facets) Square Grid (8 facets)
Hexagon Consistent distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements Inconsistent distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements
(Orthogonal and Diagonal)
Dodecahedral
Dodecahedral Grid
(12 facets) Cubic Grid (26 facets)
Square 2D Grid Element
(Planimetric)
Cube 3D Grid Element
(Volumetric)
(Berry)
Where Have We Been?
(and opportunities to go further)
Computer Mapping
(70s)
Spatial Db Management
(80s)
Map Analysis/Modeling
(90s)
Multimedia Mapping
(00s)
Future Directions
(10s) PowerPoint posted at …
www.innovativegis.com/basis/Presentations/SWUG09/SWUG09_keynote.ppt
Online book posted at
www.innovativegis.com/basis/MapAnalysis/
www.innovativegis.com/basis
... online papers, materials, books and software