Transcript The Rise and Fall of New France

The Rise and Fall of New France
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Early 1600’s
France
Near Quebec
Fur and fish trading
Missionary
– Person who teachers their religion to others
who have different beliefs
The white Bourbon Flag
(flag of the Royal House of
France) of New France
IRIS FLOWER
Flag of Quebec
Stylized
Flower
becomes a
symbol of
French Kings
Canadian Coat of Arms
French Exploration
• In 1524, France sent
Giovanni Verrazano to
find the Northwest
Passage to Asia.
• He discovered that
North America was
not an archipelago of
islands, but a
continent.
Jacques Cartier
• In 1534, France sent
Jacques Cartier to find
the Northwest Passage.
• He reached the Gaspé
Peninsula, which he
claimed for France.
• He also kidnapped two
Iroquoians, Taignoagny
and Domagaya, and
brought them back to
France to learn French so
that they could guide him
when they returned.
Cartier’s Second Voyage
• The next year, Cartier arrived
in “Canada”, an Iroquoian
word meaning village that
Cartier thought was the name
of the area around the St.
Lawrence.
• He explored the St. Lawrence
River, visiting Stadacona and
Hochelaga.
• The rapids west of Hochelaga,
which he named “La Chine”
(China), prevented him from
travelling further.
Cartier fails
• Cartier’s men spent the winter at Stadacona, where 25 men
died of scurvy.
• Donnacona, the chief of Stadacona, showed Cartier how to
make Vitamin C-rich tea from spruce bark and needles,
saving many lives.
• To thank him, Cartier kidnapped Donnacona and took him
to France, where Donnacona died.
• As a result, the Iroquois refused to trade with the French,
and Cartier’s colony failed.
• The French would not try to settle in North America for
another sixty years.
Early French settlements
• In 1600, Pierre de
Chauvin and François
Gravé established a
French fur trading post
at Tadoussac.
• In 1603, Pierre Du Gua
de Monts founded a
settlement at Port Royal
(present day Nova
Scotia).
Samuel de Champlain
• The settlement failed
in 1607 when de
Monts lost his royal
fur trading license.
• In 1608, de Monts’
assistant, Samuel de
Champlain, founded a
colony in Quebec City.
SAMUEL DE
CHAMPLAIN
• 1567 – 1635
•Skilled Geographer and
Cartographer
• Believed in colonization when
the French were only interested
in trade and making a profit
•Forged relationships with the
Mi’kmaq and Huron peoples
• Modern day Nova Scotia and surrounding
area
• Situated in an attractive location for a
permanent trading post
• Had a deep enough harbour for ships
• Very fertile farm land
• Defendable against attack
• In 1604, Champlain set up a settlement there
• Unusually harsh winter that year
• Settlers suffered from scurvy (lack of
vitamin C)
• Nearly half of the settlement died that winter
• Colony was moved further inland
• French claims on Acadia did not stop
• Founded July 3, 1608 by Champlain
• One of oldest European settlements in N.A.
• At the spot where 2 waterways meet:
– The St. Lawrence
– The Saint-Charles River
• Quebec is situated on a 90 m high cliff over the
St. Lawrence (Upper Town is 90m, Lower
Town meets the water)
• The St. Lawrence narrows in front of Quebec
– This is why the natives called the place “Kenebec,”
which means “narrow passage.”
• This makes it easier to see enemy boats if you
• Huron peoples became allies with the
French
• Huron traded farm produce to aboriginal
hunters for furs
• Huron then traded furs to the French for
European goods
• Champlain allied with the Huron and helped
them attack and defeat the Iroquois in 1609
at the battle of Ticonderoga Point south of
Alliances with First Nations
• Champlain made alliances with the Algonquins and
Montagnais that lived near Quebec, as well as with the
Wendat, whom the French called “Hurons”, and who
controlled most of the territory around the Great Lakes.
• Champlain sent “coureurs de bois” like Étienne Brulé to
live with the Wendat, trade with them, marry their women
and explore their territory.
• In addition to the coureurs de bois, the French also sent
Jesuit missionaries to live with the Hurons.
• The Hurons did not want the missionaries, but the French
made this a condition of trading.
• Huron and Iroquois had wars over the fur
trade
• Iroquois acquired guns from the Dutch
• Huron acquired guns from the French
• Fashion trend in Europe in the
late 1500s – beaver skin hats
• Felt from beaver skin could be
moulded into many different
shapes
• Beaver hats were purchased
well into the 1800s
• The beaver became a cultural
symbol of Canadian heritage
and was immortalized on the 5
• Cardinal Richelieu of France wants to settle
New France with settlers and to convert the
Aboriginal people to Catholicism
• Company founded in 1627 consisting of 100
investors
• Company was given seigneurial ownership of
New France and exclusive trading rights for
furs
• Company had to bring 200-300 settlers to New
France in 1628
• Land in New France divided into
narrow strips along St. Lawrence
River
• Land belonged to King of France
• Land maintained by landlord or
“Seigneur”
• Landlord’s tenants (Habitants)
worked the land and paid taxes to
the Seigneur
• Seigneurs never really owned the
land
Huron-Iroquois Wars
• Exposure to European diseases such as measles and
smallpox reduced the Hurons’ population from 40,000
to 12,000 between 1634-1640.
• The Hurons were further weakened by divisions
between Christian and non-Christian Hurons, and
addiction to alcohol introduced by French traders.
• In wars over fur trading territories, the Hurons were
easily defeated by the Iroquois, who were armed with
muskets acquired from their Dutch allies.
• Surviving Hurons abandoned their territory and
relocated to Wendake, near Quebec City.
Colonization of New France
• In 1627, control of New France was given to
the Company of a Hundred Associates.
• The company set up seigneuries along the St.
Lawrence River, feudal-style manors given to
settlers.
• Peasant farmers who lived on the seigneuries
were known as “habitants”.
• Montréal was founded in 1642 by the Société
de Notre-Dame de Montréal, as a Catholic
mission originally known as Ville-Marie.
A Royal Colony
• In 1660, the company
lost its trading
monopoly, and New
France became a royal
colony.
• The first administrator
was Jean Talon.
• He brought hundred of
young women, known
as “filles du roi” from
France to marry the
mostly male settlers.
Continued Exploration
• The French continued to explore the North American
interior: in the 1650s Pierre Radisson and Médart de
Groseilliers explored the Western Great Lakes.
Along the Mississippi
• In the 1670s traders such
as Louis Jolliet and
Jacques Marquette began
exploring the territory
along the Ohio, Illinois
and Mississippi rivers.
• René Robert Cavalier de
la Salle was the first
European to reach the
mouth of the Mississippi
River in the Gulf of
Mexico in 1782.
The Great Peace of Montreal
• For most of the seventeenth century, New France was
at war with the Five Nations Confederacy of the
Iroquois.
• The Five Nations were the most powerful First Nations
in the St. Lawrence/Great Lakes region, and were
allied with the Dutch and later the English.
• In the 1670s and 1680s the French negotiated treaties
with the Five Nations’ enemies to the west, such as the
Miami and the Illinois.
• In 1701, over 1300 delegates representing 40 nations,
including the Five Nations and the French, signed a
peace treaty in Montreal.
French-English Wars
• The French and English fought four wars in North
America.
• From 1689-1697, King William’s War was fought
between the French, English and their First Nation
allies in Canada, Acadia and New England.
• From 1704-1713 the French and their Spanish
allies in Florida fought against the British in a war
from Newfoundland to Florida.
• In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gave the British
control of Acadia.
The Expulsion of the Acadians
• After the British
conquered Acadia in
1713, the Acadians
refused to sign an oath
of loyalty to Britain,
but they promised to
remain neutral in the
event of war.
• In 1755, following the
outbreak of the Seven
Years War, the British
decided to expel the
Acadians.
Le Grand Dérangement
• 11,500 Acadians were
deported (3/4 of the Acadian
population of Nova Scotia),
and one-third died at sea.
• The rest settled in the
Thirteen Colonies, France
and England, and many
eventually made their way to
Louisiana, where they
became known as “Cajuns”.
The Seven Years War
• King George’s War: fought between Britain
and France, 1744-1748.
• In 1755, the Seven Years War began as a
result of conflict over the Ohio Valley.
• In 1758, the British under Gen. Wolfe
captured the fortress of Louisbourg, which
allowed British ships to enter the Gulf of St.
Lawrence.
The Conquest of New France
• In 1760, the British and French armies met
on the Plains of Abraham.
• Both Wolfe and the French General
Montcalm were killed in the battle.
• The British won, and Quebec surrendered.
• Montréal was captured the same year.
• The Treaty of Paris in 1763 declared New
France to be a British possession.
The Plains of Abraham by George Campion
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