PowerPoint - Professor Beyer
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Transcript PowerPoint - Professor Beyer
July 14, 2010
Determine whose name was forged (maker,
drawer, or indorser).
Different rules apply to each situation.
Alleged maker not liable.
Forger is liable.
1. Drawer was negligent.
2. Drawer not inspect bank statement.
2. Drawer not inspect bank statement.
Duty to inspect statement and checks in a
timely manner and report forgeries to bank.
2. Drawer not inspect bank statement.
If not report within one year, bank does not
have to recredit account even if bank negligent.
2. Drawer not inspect bank statement.
“Repeat offender rule” – If the same person is
forging a series of checks, the drawer must
report the forgeries within 30 days.
If drawer does not report, bank does not have
to recredit for subsequent forgeries by the same
person.
1. Recredit drawer’s account as check was
not properly payable.
2. Determine if any presentment
warranties breached.
Normally, none will be breached.
Note that the presenting party had the right to
enforce the forger’s obligation and thus was a
holder.
1. Bearer Paper
Forgery on bearer paper is irrelevant because
indorsement is not needed to negotiate.
2. Impostor Rule
Issuer (maker or drawer) is estopped to deny
validity of a forged indorsement if the issuer
acted carelessly:
▪ Not check ID of payee.
▪ Not supervise employees (agents) who sign for the
issuer.
3. Fraudulent Indorsement by Employee
Entrusted with Check
Payee cannot assert a forgery made by a
payee’s employee entrusted with the check.
4. Failure to sue within three years
Conversion liability to the payee,
or
Not properly payable liability to the drawer
[see next slide for diagram]
Bank will sue presenter and prior
transferors for breach of presentment
warranty of entitled to enforce (presenters
and prior transferors were not holders of
the check).
[see diagram on next slide]
Presenting bank will sue transferors for
breach of transfer warranties:
1. Entitled to enforce (holder status)
2. All signatures authentic or authorized
3. No good defenses
[see diagram on next slide]
Obligor (maker or drawer) does not want to
pay because the instrument shows a
different obligation than to which the
obligor originally agreed.
1. Change in obligation
Amount changed – for example, $10.00 to
$10,000
1. Change in obligation
Date due changed – for example, August 1, 2011
to August 1, 2010.
1. Change in obligation
Name of payee changed – for example, “I.N.G.”
to “I.N. Garrison.”
1. Change in obligation
Interest rate changed – for example, 5% to 15%.
2. Unauthorized completion
Amount of check is left blank.
Drawer tells payee, “fill in $50.00.”
Payee says “OK.”
Payee later fills in for $700.00.
1. Change in obligation = HDC can enforce
for original amount.
1. Change in obligation = HDC can enforce
for original amount.
Maker wrote promissory note for $100.
Evil payee changed to $1,000.
Evil payee transfers note to HDC.
HDC can enforce for $100; Maker has defense
for $900
2. Unauthorized completion – HDC can
enforce as completed
2. Unauthorized completion – HDC can
enforce as completed
Drawer signs check and says to Friend, “You can
buy yourself a present with the check but no
more than $100.”
Friend buys present from Payee (e.g., a store)
costing $500 and writes check for $500.
Payee transfers check to HDC (Payee’s bank).
HDC can enforce for $500.
1. Fraudulently made by holder = Total
discharge of obligor
1. Fraudulently made by holder = Total
discharge of obligor
Maker signs promissory note payable for $100
to Payee.
Payee changes amount to $1,000.
Payee (not a HDC) presents to Maker.
Maker is discharged (does not even owe the
original $100).
2. Not fraudulently made by holder = no
effect on obligation
On January 2, 2011, Drawer signs check for $100
payable to Payee and writes the date as
“January 2, 2010.”
Payee changes the date to “January 1, 2011.”
Payee may still enforce for $100.
If bank pays an altered check from your
account, bank must return the money to
your account as the check was not properly
payable ----
Unless bank has a defense.
1. Drawer was negligent.
Wrote in pencil.
Left blank spaces.
2. Drawer waited more than 1 year to
report the alteration (drawer has duty to
inspect bank statement)
1. Drawee bank sues presenter (or prior
transferors) for breach of presentment
warranty of no alteration.
2. Presenter sues prior transferors for
breach of transfer warranty of no
alteration.
Routing number
Account number
Check number
Amount
Holder may discharge the obligation
Cancel
Destroy
Return to Maker or Drawer
Instrument discharges underlying
obligation if it is:
1. Certified check
2. Cashier’s check
3. Teller’s check
Instrument suspends underlying obligation
if it is:
1. Promissory note
2. Normal (uncertified) check
Instrument suspends underlying obligation
if it is:
1. Promissory note
2. Normal (uncertified) check
If note or check dishonored, holder may sue
on either instrument or underlying
obligation.
A person who wants payment may not
have possession:
Lost the original.
Original destroyed.
Original stolen.
To enforce the instrument, this person
must prove:
1. Was holder when loss occurred.
To enforce the instrument, this person
must prove:
1. Was holder when loss occurred.
2. Did not voluntary transfer the instrument.
To enforce the instrument, this person
must prove:
1. Was holder when loss occurred.
2. Did not voluntary transfer the instrument.
3. Instrument not lawful seized.
To enforce the instrument, this person
must prove:
1. Was holder when loss occurred.
2. Did not voluntary transfer the instrument.
3. Instrument not lawful seized.
4. Why unable to produce the original.
To enforce the instrument, this person
must prove:
1. Was holder when loss occurred.
2. Did not voluntary transfer the instrument.
3. Instrument not lawful seized.
4. Why unable to produce the original.
5. Posted a security or bond to protect payor
from double payment.
1. Bank may dishonor (bounce) the check.
1. Bank may dishonor (bounce) the check.
2. Bank may pay the check and seek
recovery of the money from the drawer.
Technically, no such thing as checks are payable
on demand.
Bank may pay early unless ---
The customer (drawer) gives bank a notice of the
postdating which describes the check with
reasonable certainty.
Drawer can tell drawee not to pay check.
Requirements of a stop payment order:
Requirements of a stop payment order:
1. In writing , but can be oral in many states but
only for 14 days.
Requirements of a stop payment order:
1. In writing , but can be oral in many states but
only for 14 days.
2. Describe the check with reasonable
certainty:
▪ Account number
▪ Check number
▪ Amount
Requirements of a stop payment order:
1. In writing , but can be oral in many states but
only for 14 days.
2. Describe the check with reasonable
certainty.
3. Valid for 6 months unless renewed.
Bank’s defense for paying check even if
valid stop payment order = no loss because
drawer would have to pay HDC anyway.
Bank liable to customer for damages if
dishonors a properly payable check unless
check is more than 6 months old (a “stale”
check).
Bank not liable to payee for damages if
dishonors a properly payable check as bank
did not sign the check.
Check which states that it is in full payment
of an obligation that is:
1. Subject to a bona fide dispute, or
2. Unliquidated (exact amount owed not yet
determined).
If payee cashes the check, the check
operates as an “accord and satisfaction” of
the debt unless:
If payee cashes the check, the check
operates as an “accord and satisfaction” of
the debt unless:
1. Payee returns the money within 90 days, or
If payee cashes the check, the check
operates as an “accord and satisfaction” of
the debt unless:
1. Payee returns the money within 90 days, or
2. Payee is an organization and notified drawer
of a particular person or address where
payment in full checks are to be sent.
Exam will be posted later today.
Exam due on August 11, 2010 at 4 p.m.
Exam is take home and open book.
But, you cannot talk with anyone else
about the exam.
All questions are essay.
There are 7 questions.
Total of 200 points:
100 Secured Transactions
100 Commercial Paper
Expected length = 2,500 to 5,000 words.
Maximum length = 7,500 words.
Answers should include citation to the
correct section of the U.C.C. that supports
your answer.
You can get partial credit if you cite the
correct section even if your answer is
incorrect.
Examination Advice:
1. Read questions carefully.
Examination Advice:
2. Pay attention to exactly what the question
asks.
Examination Advice:
3. Organize your answers.
Examination Advice:
4. Spot issues – most important
Examination Advice:
5. Provide correct statement of relevant law.
Examination Advice:
6. Analyze – give reasons – explain why.
Any questions?
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Global Business Law LLM at La Trobe [group]
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