The Language Of Medicine

Dr. Michael Gillespie

CHAPTER 12 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2

CHAPTER GOALS

 Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.

 Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.

 Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration.

3

CHAPTER GOALS

 Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

 Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

4

INTRODUCTION

External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries  oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs  immediately passes into capillaries  carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled 5

INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)

Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells    occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs 6

RESPIRATORY ANATOMY

 Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches  Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung  Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images  Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit 7

ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION

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ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES

Conduct air      Nose Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Exchange gases  Bronchioles  Alveoli  Lung capillaries 10

RESPIRATORY FLOW CHART

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RESPIRATORY FLOW CHART

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VOCABULARY

 adenoids  alveolus (alveoli)  apex of the lung  base of the lung  brochioles  bronchus (bronchi)  carbon dioxide 13

VOCABULARY

 cilia  diaphragm  epiglottis  expiration  glottis  hilum  inspiration  larynx 14

VOCABULARY

 lobe  mediastinum  nares  oxygen  palatine tonsil  paranasal sinus  parietal pleura 15

VOCABULARY

 pharynx  pleura  pleural cavity  pulmonary parenchyma  respiration  trachea  visceral pleura 16

QUICK QUIZ:

1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung?

A.

base B.

lobe C.

apex D.

nares 17

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Form

 adenoid/o  alveol/o  bronch/o  bronchi/o  bronchiol/o  capn/o

Meaning

adenoids alveolus, air sac bronchial tube bronchus bronchiole, small bronchus carbon dioxide 18

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Form Meaning

     coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o dust blue epiglottis larynx, voice box lobe of the lung  mediastin/o mediastinum 19

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Form

 nas/o  orth/o  ox/o  pector/o  pharyng/o  phon/o

Meaning

nose straight, upright oxygen chest pharynx, throat voice 20

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Form Meaning

 phren/o  pleur/o diaphragm pleura   pneum/o air, lung pneumon/o lung  pulmon/o lung  rhin/o nose 21

COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Form

 sinus/o  spir/o  tel/o  thorac/o  tonsill/o  trache/o

Meaning

sinus cavity breathing complete chest tonsils trachea, windpipe 22

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY SUFFIXES

Suffix

-ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax

Meaning

condition smell breathing spitting pulse pleural cavity, chest 23

DIAGNOSTIC TERMS

 auscultation  percussion  pleural rub  rale (crackle)  rhonchus  sputum  stridor  wheeze 24

PATHOLOGY

Upper Respiratory Disorders  croup  diphtheria  epistaxis  pertussis 25

PATHOLOGY

Bronchial Tube Disorders     asthma bronchiectasis chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis 26

PATHOLOGY

Lung Disorders  atelectasis  emphysema  lung cancer  pneumoconiosis  pneumonia  pulmonary abscess      pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism (PE) pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis tuberculosis (TB) 27

PATHOLOGY LUNG DISORDERS Atelectasis  Two forms  Proximal obstruction of distal airways  Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity 28

PATHOLOGY

Pleural Disorders  mesothelioma  pleural effusion  pleurisy (pleuritis)  pneumothorax 29

PATHOLOGY PLEURAL DISORDERS Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity 30

STUDY SECTION

      anthracosis asbestosis bacilli chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cor pulmonale exudate        hydrothorax infiltrate palliative paroxysmal pulmonary infarction purulent silicosis 31

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

 X-rays  chest x-ray (CXR)  computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest  pulmonary angiography 32

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

X-rays: Radiographic imaging 33

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create images 34

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

 Radioactive Tests  Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung:  Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging 35

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens 36

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway 37

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

 laryngoscopy  lung biopsy  mediastinoscopy  pulmonary function tests (PFTs)   thoracotomy thorascopy    tracheostomy tuberculin test tube thoracostomy 38

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space 39

CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of opening into the trachea through the neck 40

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o bronchi/o bronchiol/o capn/o

Meaning

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ 41

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

 adenoid/o  alveol/o  bronch/o  bronchi/o  bronchiol/o  capn/o

Meaning

adenoids alveolus; air sac; small sac bronchial tube bronchial tube bronchiole carbon dioxide 42

REVIEW SHEET COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o mediastin/o

Meaning

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ 43

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form Meaning

   coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o dust blue epiglottis   laryng/o lob/o larynx (voice box) lobe  mediastin/o mediastinum 44

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o

Meaning

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ 45

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

 nas/o  orth/o  ox/o  pector/o  pharyng/o  phon/o

Meaning

nose straight oxygen chest throat (pharynx) voice; sound 46

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

phren/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o

Meaning

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ 47

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form Meaning

   phren/o pleur/o pneum/o diaphragm; mind pleura lung; air; gas  pneumon/o lung; air; gas  pulmon/o  rhin/o lung nose 48

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o

Meaning

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ 49

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

Combining Form

 sinus/o  spir/o  tel/o  thorac/o  tonsill/o  trache/o

Meaning

sinus to breathe complete chest tonsil trachea (windpipe) 50

REVIEW SHEER

SUFFIXES

Suffix

-ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax

Meaning

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ 51

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

Suffix

 -ema  -osmia  -pnea  -ptysis  -sphyxia  -thorax

Meaning

condition smell breathing spitting pulse chest; pleural cavity 52