Sources of Magnetic Field
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Transcript Sources of Magnetic Field
Chapter 27
Magnetism in
Matter
Topics
Magnetization
Saturation
Types
magnetization
of materials
Magnetization
Atoms have magnetic dipole
moments due to
orbital
motion of the electrons
magnetic
electron
moment of the
Magnetization
Material placed in magnetic field
magnetic dipole moments aligned
material “magnetized”
Magnetization
magnetization = net magnetic dipole
moment per unit volume
d
M
dV
magnetization contributes an
additional magnetic, Bm, given by
Bm o M
Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetization M
depends on
applied field
Bapp and the
susceptibility
m of the
material
M m
Bapp
o
Bm m Bapp
Magnetic susceptibility
For paramagnets:
For diamagnets:
Total field:
m > 0
m < 0
B Bapp o M Bapp (1 m ) Km Bapp
Km = relative permeability of the
material
Km 1 m
Magnetic moment and angular
momentum
Angular momentum L r p
For circular motion L = rmv
Magnetic moment of current loop
= IA = Iπr2
For single charge q on circular
orbit I = q/T = qv/(2πr)
=Iπr2 = qvπr2/(2πr)
q
= qvr/2 = qL/(2m)
L
2m
Saturation magnetization
Magnetization grows with applied
field until all magnetic moments
are aligned --“saturation”
At saturation, the magnetization
is Ms = n•μ, where n is number of
atoms per unit volume and μ is the
magnetic moment of each atom
Types of Materials
Materials exhibit three types of
magnetism:
paramagnetic
diamagnetic
ferromagnetic
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic materials
have permanent magnetic
moments
moments
randomly oriented at
normal temperatures
adds
a small additional field to
applied magnetic field
Paramagnetism
Small
effect (changes B by only
0.01%)
Example materials
Oxygen (STP), aluminum,
tungsten, platinum
Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic materials
no permanent magnetic
moments
magnetic
moments induced by
applied magnetic field B
applied
field creates magnetic
moments opposed to the field
Diamagnetism
Common to all materials.
Applied B field induces a magnetic
field opposite the applied field,
thereby weakening the overall
magnetic field
But the effect is very small:
Bm ≈ -10-4 Bapp
Diamagnetism
Example materials
High temperature
superconductors
copper
silver
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic materials
have permanent magnetic
moments
align
at normal temperatures
when an external field is
applied and strongly enhances
applied magnetic field
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic materials
(e.g. Fe, Ni, Co, alloys)
have domains of randomly
aligned magnetization
(due to strong interaction
of magnetic moments of neighboring
atoms)
Ferromagnetism
Applying a magnetic field causes
domains aligned with the applied field
to grow at the expense of others
that shrink
Saturation magnetization is reached
when the aligned domains
have replaced all others
Ferromagnetism
In ferromagnets, some magnetization
will remain after the applied
field is reduced to zero,
yielding permanent magnets
Such materials exhibit
hysteresis
Material properties
Summary
The magnetism of materials is due
to the magnetic dipole moments
of atoms, which arise from:
the orbital motion of electrons
and
the intrinsic magnetic
moment of each electron
Summary
Three classes of materials
Diamagnetic M = - const • Bext,
small effect (10-4)
Paramagnetic M = + const • Bext
small effect (10-2)
Ferromagnetic M ≠ const • Bext
large effect (1000)