NANOBIOSENSORS

Cagri Ozge Topal OSU ECEN 5060 Nanotechnology

Abstract

The revolution of nanotechnology in molecular biology gives an opportunity to detect and manipulate atoms and molecules at the molecular and cellular level.

      Definition of Nanobiosensor History Types of Nanobiosensors Working Principle and Fabrication of Optical and FET Nanobiosensors Application Areas and Current Research Future Research

What is a Nanobiosensor?

 A biosensor is a measurement system for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector, and a nanobiosensor is a biosensor that on the nano-scale size

Nanobiosensor

Transducer Detector Biological Recognition Element (Bioreceptor) Living biological system (cell, tissue or whole organism) Biological molecular species (antibody, enzyme, protein…)

Biosensor Development

          

1916

First report on the immobilization of proteins: adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal.

1956

Invention of the first oxygen electrode [Leland Clark]

1962

First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose. [Leland Clark, New York Academy of Sciences Symposium]

1969

First potentiometric biosensor: urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea. [Guilbault and Montalvo]

1970

Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET).

1972/5

First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose biosensor.

1976 1980

First bedside artificial pancreas [Clemens et al.] First fiber optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases.

1982 1983

First fiber optic-based biosensor for glucose First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor.

1987

Launch of the blood glucose biosensor[ MediSense]

Theory

Piezoelectric Electrochemical

Principle of Detection

Mass Electric distribution Optical Calorimetric Light intensity Heat

Types of Nanobiosensors

Optical Biosensors Nanotube Based Biosensors Electrical Biosensors Electrochemical Biosensors Nanowire Biosensors Viral Nanosensors Nanoshell Biosensors

Theory

 Optical Nanobiosensors A sensor that uses light to detect the effect of a chemical on a biological system. [Kopelman et al.] The small size of the optical fibers allow sensing intracelular intercelular physiological and biological parameter in micro environment.

Two kind of fabrication methods for optical fiber tips; 1) Heat and Pull Method 2) Chemical Etching

Theory

Nanowire Field Effect Nanobiosensors(FET)

Sensing Element

Semiconductor channel (nanowire) of the transistor.

  The semiconductor channel is fabricated using nanomaterials such a carbon nanotubes,metal oxide nanowires or Si nanowires. Very high surface to volume radio and very large portion of the atoms are located on the surface.

Extremely sensitive to environment

Applications of Nanobiosensors

Biological Applications

 DNA Sensors; Genetic monitoring, disease  Immunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas, drug testing, environmental monitoring…  Cell-based Sensors; functional sensors, drug testing…  Point-of-care sensors; blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids, drugs, hormones, proteins, other…  Bacteria Sensors; (E-coli, streptococcus, other): food industry,  medicine, environmental, other.

Enzyme sensors; diabetics, drug testing, other.

Environmental Applications

 Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity  Agricultural monitoring  Ground water screening  Ocean monitoring

Future Application

Cancer Monitoring  Nanobiosensors play a very important role for early cancer detection in body fluids.

 The sensor is coated with a cancer-specific antibody or other biorecognation ligands. The capture of a cancer cell or a target protein yields electrical, optical or mechanical signal for detection. [Professor Calum McNeil detection of cancer proteins that cause MRSA] Identification of Biomarkers ↓ Validation of Cancer Biomarkers ↓ Cancer Biomarkers ↓ Ligands / Probes Developments ↓ Cancer Diagnostics Biosensor ← Detector ↓ Point of Care Cancer Diagnostics

References

     Cullum, B.(2000). The development of optical nanosensors for biological measurements.

Trends in Biotechnology, Vol 18,

388-393.

Vo-Dihn, T.(2002).Nanobiosensors: Probing the sanctuary of individual living cells.

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement, Vol. 39

, 154-161 Pathak, P. et al.(2007). Cancer Research - Nanoparticles, nanobiosensors and their use in cancer research.

Journal of Nanotechnology Online, Vol.3,

1-14.

Rogers, K.(2006). Recent advances in biosensor techniques for environmental monitoring.

Analitica Chimica Acta. Vol. 568(1-2), 599 624.

Li, C. (2005).Complementary Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Using In2O3 Nanowires and Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.127(36), 12484-12485.