LING212 Second Language Acquisition
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Transcript LING212 Second Language Acquisition
LING212- SLA
L2 processing and the brain
Florencia Franceschina
Psycholinguistics = “a branch of linguistics which
studies the correlation between linguistic behaviour
and the psychological processes thought to underlie
that behaviour”
Crystal (2003: 380)
Neurolinguistics = ‘a branch of linguistics … which
studies the neurological basis of language
development and use’
Crystal (2003: 312)
How is language processed?
Language comprehension
Exercise: Ambiguity resolution problems
How is language processed?
Language production
A blueprint for the speaker (Levelt, 1989, 1999)
CONCEPTUALIZ
ER
message
gene rati
on
monit orin
g
discour se model,
sit uation
know ledge ,
ency clop edia,
etc.
parsed
speech
preve rbal
message
FORMULA T
OR
gramm atica
l encod ing
surface
structu
re
phono logic
al encod ing
LEXICON
lemm as
SPEECHCOMPREHEN SI
ON
SYSTEM
forms
phone tic plan (internal
speech)
ARTICULAT
OR
phone tic
string
AUD ITIO
N
ove rt
speech
Levelt's (1989) levels of processing in the generation of the phonetic plan for crampons
MORPHOLOGICAL/MET RICAL SPELL OUT LEV EL
lemma
crampon
address:
spellout:
number
plural
stem
af
crampon
V' V
s
SEGMENTAL SPELL OUT LEV EL
stem
crampon
V' V
address:
affix
s
syllable spellout:
onset
rime
nucl
cr
C1
V
/¾/
C2
/k/
/r/
cluster s pellout:
onset
coda
C
/m/
rime
nucl
C
/p/
V
/¶/
coda
ns
C1
C2
/n/
/s/
PHONETI C SPELLO UT LE VEL
cluster comp osition:
syllable address:
spellout:
onset cluster
C1
C2
/k/
/r/
onset cluster
C1
C2
/n/
/s/
/kr/
/ns/
onset
nucl
coda
onset
nucl
coda
/kr/
/¾/
/m/
/p/
/¶/
/ns/
[kr¾m]
[p¶ns]
Lexical decision task
Stimulus
Example
Mean decision time
Word
DESK
708 msec.
Non-word (fully unpronounceable)
SJMF
607 msec.
Non-word (onset unpronounceable)
SJIF
644 msec.
Non-word (coda unpronounceable)
SAJF
680 msec.
Non-word (pronounceable)
SARF
746 msec.
Source: Gough and Cosky (1977: 278), cited in Radford et al. (1999: 235)
Exercise: Speech errors
How is language represented in the
brain?
Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Early days
Early days
Paul Broca
(1824-1880)
Cinderella… poor… um ‘dopted
her… scrubbed floor, um, tidy…
poor, um… ‘dopted… si-sisters and
mother … ball.
Frontal lobe
Broca’s
Area
Wernicke’s
Area
Early days
Paul Broca
Carl Wernicke
(1824-1880)
(1848-1904)
You know that smoodle pinkered and
that I want to get him round and take
care of him like you want before.
Broca’s
Area
Wernicke’s
Area
Temporal lobe
Broca’s
Area
Wernicke’s
Area
Modern techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Event-related potentials (ERP)
Magnetoencelography (MEG)
MRI of a Broca’s aphasic
MRI of a Wernicke’s aphasic
References
Crystal, David. 2003. A dictionary of linguistics and
phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Levelt, Willem J M. 1989. Speaking: from intention to
articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levelt, Willem J M. 1999. Producing spoken language: a
blueprint for the speaker. In The neurocognition of
language, eds. Colin M Brown and Peter Hagoort.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 83-122.
Reading
Obler, Loraine K and Hannigan, Sharon. 1996.
Neurolinguistics of second language
acquisition and use. In The handbook of
second language acquisition, eds. William C
Ritchie and Tej K Bhatia. San Diego: Academic
Press. Pp. 509-523.
Further reading
Accessible introductions to psycho- and
neurolinguistics:
Caplan, David. 2000. Neurolinguistics. In The handbook of linguistics, eds.
Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. Oxford: Blackwell. Pp. 295-318.
Fabbro, F. 1999. The neurolinguistics of bilingualism: an introduction. Hove:
Psychology Press.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R. and Hyams, N. 2003. An introduction to language.
Boston: Heinle. (Chapters 2 and 9)
Li Wei ed. 2000. The bilingualism reader. London: Routledge. (Part III)
What have we covered so far?
Factors that influence SLA:
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Next term
Project based
You will be trained in the use of
–
–
CHILDES http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/
ICLE (International Corpus of Learner English)
You may decide to collect your own data
(please come to see me if you are thinking of
doing this, as there are a number of practical
issues that you will need to sort out)