Transcript Unit 1: Foundations 8000 B.C.E. * 600 C.E.
Unit 1: Foundations 8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.
Development of Agriculture and Early Agricultural Communities
Foundations
Understanding these things will make your life easier
Vocabulary You Need
• • • • • • • • Cultural diffusion Demography Intervening obstacles “Marker events” Migrations Periodization Perspective Push and pull factors
B.C.E, C.E.? What?
• • •
B.C.E. = Before Common Era, replaced B.C.
C.E. = Common Era, replaced A.D.
In B.C.E, the bigger the numbers, the longer ago is happened
•
In CE, the bigger the numbers, the sooner it happened
• • 8000 B.C.E
7000 B.C.E.
100 B.C.E
1000 C.E.
Example: 8000 B.C.E. happened before 100 C.E.
2000 C.E. happened AFTER 100 C.E.
2000 C.E.
Centuries
• When is the 17 th century?
• 1601-1699 •
To figure out what years a century is talking about:
•
1. Take the century subtract 1
• Ex: 17 th century • 17-1 = 16 • So 17 th century = 1600’s • 2. Take the year and add 100 (ignore anything past the first two
numbers)
• Ex: 1810 • 1810+100 = 1910 • So, 1800s = 19 th century
Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
• • • •
Primary sources – original evidence from a time period
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings •
Ex: Diary of Anne Frank, Constitution of the US, weavings and pottery, journal article reporting NEW research and findings
Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
• • •
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
• Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of
primary sources in them.
Some types of secondary sources include: PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias Ex: • A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings • • A history textbook A book about the effects of WWI
Geography, The Physical Environment, and You
• •
Change in borers and civilizations are constant
Physically, world of 4000 B.C.E. looks similar to our world
today
• Geographical history moves slower than political • Before we began transforming landscapes, physical geography
shaped and limited activities
Geography, The Physical Environment, and You
•
Perspective or point of view
•
We all see our surroundings through the lens of our own time period and culture
• People have been making cultural distinctions for years, we have to adjust our cultural perspectives as we go through time,
realizing cultural meanings from one era impact those of later eras and that change has been continual
Demography
• • •
Demography = study of population
Changes in population are important part of how the human story has shape
Population increases and decreases have caused people to move, bringing other ways of life and causing political, social, and economic changes
Migrations
• • • •
Permanent moves to new locations
• Occur on local, regional, and global levels
Push factor = encourages people to move from the region they live in
•
Ex: persecution Pull factor = attracts people to a new region
•
Ex: better jobs, more democratic govt Environmental factors:
•
Intervening obstacles or physical features that halt or slow migration
• Over time, they may have different meanings • Ex: Ocean no longer prevents migration once new technology to cross is develops
Cultural Diffusion
• • •
When people move, bring culture with them
•
Cultural diffusion
•
Includes innovations, technology, religion, language food, clothing styles, disease
•
Diseases have spread as human interactions have increased
• 14th century plague, contagious diseases with the Native Americans Cannot pin historical migrations to a single “marker event” because they took place gradually over long period of times Without them, humans might not have survived the early years
Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities
Vocabulary You Need
• • • • • • • • Agriculture Bipedalism Catal Hayuk Cultural diffusion Division of labor Horticulture Independent invention Jericho • • • • • • • • • Lucy “Marker events” of pre-history Neolithic craft industries Neolithic Revolution Paleolithic Age Pastoralism Polytheism Specialization Surplus
When is history?
• •
History usually defined as study of past beginning with first systematic written records in the 4 th millennium (4000-3000 B.C.E.)
Important developments before this that influenced course of world history •
“Marker Event” – development of agriculture and agricultural communities
• • •
Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
Humans existed for millions of years by 8000 B.C.E.
Archaeologists (scientists who study prehistoric and ancient peoples) believe the decisive differentiation between humans and apes occurred between 6-8 million yeas ago Bipedalism (preference for walking erect on two limbs other
than four) make us distinct from other mammals
Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
• •
Earliest bipedal creature –
Ardepithecus ramidus
found in Ethiopia in 2001 All other human species died out except homo sapiens
• Surviving human species between 50,000-10,000 years ago
Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
• •
Primary sources during this period are objects, artifacts, and skeletal remains Hominids used refined tools 70,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
•
Lasted until about 8000 B.C.E.
•
Humans inhabited all continents except Antarctica
Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
•
Homo sapiens had many advantages
• Forelimbs free from walking • • Opposable thumbs
A large brain
•
Not as strong as other species but figured out how to survive
Hunting and Gathering
• During Paleolithic Age, humans survived by foraging for food – • •
Hunting for animals Gathering edible plants
Traveled in small groups (30-50) • • Nomadic – constantly moving to follow animals and find new edible plants •
Kept people from accumulating possessions or claiming property ownership
Hunting and Gathering
• • • • Division of labor based on sex •
Men hunt
•
Women gather
• No evidence one was considered more important than the other
Survival depended on understanding of environment
Older women had extensive knowledge of plants and passed
skills to younger women
Hunters had to make clever traps and figure out ways to hunt animals larger than them
Importance Of Tools
• • •
Early tools made of:
•
Wood
• •
Bone Stone
• Few survive today Tools used to help
build huts and eventually to weave cloth.
Allowed them to invent and sustain agriculture
Paleolithic Culture
• • • •
Little is known because of few surviving artifacts Cave paintings in North
Africa, oldest from 32,000 years ago Some paintings indicate they had well-developed religion •
Careful, ritualistic burials In areas with abundant
resources, humans probably only spent 3-5 hours tending
to their survival
•
Rest of time used to make tools, create art, and socialize
Neolithic Revolution
• • •
Marker event – 8000 B.C.E. (roughly) Neolithic (New Stone Age) Revolution
•
Agricultural Revolution
• Not a single event, occurred at different times in different parts of the world •
Took several generations to truly take hold Agriculture
•
Deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
• Adopted originally to supplement needs
• • • • •
Early Horticulture and Pastoralism
Horticulture used only hand tools such as hoes and digging sticks Pastoralists first domestication of animals but remained semi nomadic
Horticulturists first to settle in one place and eventually integrated domestication of animals Agriculturalists could cultivate larger fields and plows turned soil to increase fertility
Communities grew larger as surpluses grew
Domestication of Grains
• • • •
Middle East has earliest evidence of agriculture
Development of agriculture dependent on availability of grains and animals that could be domesticated in the area
Availability of food may have sped up the process
• Food scarce, develop agriculture as an alternative •
Plants in Middle East spread through cultural diffusion
•
People learned from those already farming Agriculture developed as an independent invention
• •
(No cultural diffusion)
Domesticated rice in China, maize in Mesoamerica, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and peppers in Peru
Domestication of Animals
• •
As people settled down, trained animals to stay put, too
Some more easily domesticated than others •
Dogs were probably first
•
More directly related to development of agriculture:
• Domestication of sheep and goats in SW Asia • • • • •
Cows in Eurasia and N. Africa Water buffalo and chickens in China Camels in Arabia and central Asia Horses and pigs in Eurasa Llamas in the Andes
• Mesoamerica, Sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, and Andes had few good animal candidates
Neolithic Revolution as a Marker Event
• • • • •
Changes to the way human beings lived:
•
People settled down
•
Division of labor Social inequality Gender inequality Importance of surplus Religious changes
People Settled Down
• • • •
To be near crops, humans settled into villages
Didn’t have to worry about carrying possessions, so started to
accumulate goods
Began to claim land as their own
Private property began to define human society
Division of Labor
• • •
Basic division in hunter/gatherer:
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Men hunt
•
Women gather
People started to see advantages of “specialization”
All work could be done more efficiently
Social Inequality
• • •
Hunter/gatherer groups usually had relative social equality Agricultural societies had social distinctions, eventually evolving into social classes
People with more land than others passed it to their children •
Some families more “distinguished” than others
•
Some specializations awarded more respect or material awards
•
Social inequality increased
Gender Inequality
• •
Neolithic Revolution beginning of status distinctions between men and women Women lost economic power in agricultural societies
• Men took over animals and crops, women sent to domestic
chores no longer needed for survival
Importance of Surplus
• • • • Not everyone a farmer anymore
Farmer had to produce a surplus to support him and his family and others in village
Food could be put away for bad periods Health improved, population increased, more specialization occurred, villages grew •
Eventually grew to cities that needed specialized jobs in government
Religious Changes
• •
Most agricultural societies developed polytheism
•
Belief in many gods “gods” with human characteristics presided over areas important to farmers
• Sun gods, rain gods, gods of the harvest, female fertility gods
Three Craft Industries
•
Three craft industries developed as result of Neolithic Revolution:
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Pottery
• Containers for sharing foods, waterproof • Made by fire-hardening clay •
Metallurgy
• Copper probably first metal humans shaped into tools and jewelry • By 6000 B.C.E. discovered they could heat to high temperatures and fashioned knives, farm tools, and weapons •
Textiles
• • People wove fibers as early as 6000 B.C.E.
Eventually spun spread and wove into cloth
Growth of Towns and Cities
• • • By 4000 B.C.E., villages had grown into towns, and towns into small cities • • •
Jericho on the Jordan River Catal Huyuk in southern Turkey Both heavily fortified for protection
• Jericho’s houses were surrounded by a ditch and wall almost 12 ft high • Catal Huyuk’s houses were joined together so outside entrances were barricaded and houses could not be invaded
Both relied on trade
Foreshadowing of great civilizations and cities of 4 th millennium B.C.E.