Transcript International history

International history- exam
review
June 11th 2012
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Theme 1: The origins of the cold war after world war ii
• The USA and the problems of Europe: economic
reconstruction and political challenges
• The policies of the USSR towards Western and
Eastern Europe
• US policies and Containment: the Truman
Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin Blockade,
the formation of NATO
• The historical debate: traditional, revisionist,
post-revisionist
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Essay 1
1. To what extent were the Truman
Doctrine and Marshall Plan the
major causes of the Cold War in
Europe in the years 1945 to 1949?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the significance of the Truman Doctrine and
Marshall Plan in causing the Cold War
• Revisionist- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were
responsible for increasing tensions
• Post-revisionist- The two policies were misjudged by
the USSR
• Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan same objective:
contain communism
• Other facts to consider: Actions of Stalin in Eastern
Europe, Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, the Berlin
Blockade
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Essay 2
2. ‘The Cold War in Europe was
caused by the superpowers’
misjudgment and misunderstanding
of each other.’ How far do you agree
with this view?
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Mark scheme
• Expected to assess the factor which caused the outbreak
of the Cold War
• Historical debate: traditional, revisionist, post-revisionist
• Misjudgments/Misunderstandings- West’s failure to
understand the USSR’s desire for security in Eastern
Europe, USSR misjudged the motives behind the Marshall
Plan and Bizonia, both sides misjudged each other in the
Berlin Blockade
• To counter the assertion candidates may refer to Soviet
responsibility in eastern Europe and the US policy of
containment
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Essay 3
3. Consider the view that the USSR
was more responsible than the USA
for the outbreak and development of
the Cold War in the period from 1945
to 1949.
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Mark scheme
• Assess the reasons behind the outbreak of the Cold War
• Traditional- Soviet expansion, failure of Stalin to meet his
obligations agreed at Yalta, Communist takeover of
Eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia) , Soviet pressure on
Turkey and Greece, Berlin Blockade
• Revisionist- Truman’s aggressive style, Truman’s role at
Potsdam, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, creation
of NATO
• Post-revisionist- both sides misinterpreted and
misunderstood the motives of the others
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Essay 4
4. ‘Strategic rather than ideological
reasons best explain the
development of the Cold War in the
period from 1945 to 1949.’ How far
do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Discuss the development of the Cold War to
1949
• Refer to traditional, revisionist, post-revisionist
• Strategic factors- Stalin wanted to protect the
USSR from future attack through control of
Eastern Europe, USA motivated to protect
Western Europe from Soviet influence
• Ideological factors- Stalin’s attempts to spread
communism, Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
were both attempts to prevent the spread of
communism
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Theme 2: The Globalization of the cold war
• The Asia-Pacific region: the Korean War, the
Vietnam War
• Latin America: revolution in Cuba, Cuban Missile
Crisis
• The Middle East: Arab Israeli conflicts
• Détente and the Second Cold War: 1963-85
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Essay 1
1. ‘The outcome of the Cuban
Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a
victory for both the USA and USSR.’
How far do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Expected to study the Cuban Missile Crisis of
October 1962
• Victory for the US- JFK was able to get Soviet
missiles removed from Cuba, global media
viewed the US as the victor for forcing the USSR
to back down
• Victory for the USSR- US agreed to remove
Jupiter missiles from Turkey, US promised not to
invade Cuba (removed threat in Turkey, ensured
survival of communist Cuba)
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Essay 2
2. ‘The USA and USSR did not
globalize the Cold War; they simply
were dragged unwillingly into
regional conflicts’. How far do you
agree?
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Mark scheme
• Between 1950 and 1980 a series of regional conflicts
emerged which forced the US and USSR to take sides
(from regional to global)
• Korea 1950-53, Indo-China 1954-1975, Cuba 1959-1962, The
Congo 1960-1965, Angola 1975-1980
• May argue that each or some of the above were purely
regional conflicts into which the superpowers became
involved
• US policy: 1950s and 1960s- domino theory and the fear of
communism, 1969-1979- two superpowers worked together
to limit regional conflict
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Essay 3
3.How far was the USA’s policy of
containment responsible for the
globalization of the Cold War in the period
from 1950 to 1985?
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Mark scheme
• Expected to explain the global expansion of the Cold War
from 1950
• NSC-68 and the Truman Doctrine forced the US into a
global stance against the development of communism
• Korean War, Vietnam War, opposition to communism in
Latin America and Africa
• Containment helped globalize the Cold War (domino
theory)
• Counter view- both Soviet and Chinese expansionist policy
forced the US to react to communist actions (Congo,
Angola, Afghanistan)
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Essay 4
4. ‘Neither the USSR nor the USA
gained anything from involvement in
the Arab-Israeli Conflict from 1948 to
the Camp David Accords.’ How far
do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict and its link to
the globalization of the Cold War
• US- main supporter of Israel
• USSR- main supporter of Arab States such as Syria and
Egypt
• Yom Kippur War of 1973
• 1978-79 Camp David Accords- peace between Sadat of
Egypt and Begin of Israel (diplomacy was a triumph for the
US and followed Kissinger’s successful diplomacy at the
end of the Yom Kippur War)
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Theme 3- The Crisis of communism and the end of the
cold war
• The Sino-Soviet conflict: origins and main features
• The USSR: challenges to Communism, reasons for the
collapse of the USSR, effects of the collapse on Eastern
Europe, the West, China
• China: challenges to Communism, reasons for the crisis,
response to the crisis, effects of the crisis on USA, Russia
• End of the Cold War: Western and Communist views
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Essay 1
1. How far were Gorbachev’s
policies the cause of the collapse of
the USSR?
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Mark scheme
• Expected to assess Gorbachev’s polices, both domestic and
foreign
• Glasnost- helped undermine the central control of the Soviet
Union
• Perestroika- failed to solve the economic ills of the Soviet
economy
• May counter this argument with reference to the long term ills of
the Soviet economy
• By the time Gorbachev took power, matters had become so dire
that his policies had little effect
• Rise of national self-determination
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Essay 2
2. ‘Internal factors were more
important than external factors in
explaining the collapse of the USSR
in 1991.’ How far do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the reasons for the collapse of the USSR
(compare internal against external)
• Internal factors- economic and social collapse
(exacerbated by Gorbachev’s policies of
Glasnost and Perestroika), rise of nationalism
within the USSR (Baltic states, Ukraine)
• External factors- the adverse effects of the arms
race on the USSR, collapse of communist rule in
eastern Europe, fall of Berlin Wall
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Essay 3
3. ‘Reagan was more responsible
than Gorbachev for the end of the
Cold War.’ How far do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the roles of the leaders of the two
superpowers
• Reagan- US defense build-up from 1981, SDI
(Strategic Defense Initiative), held out for major
weapons concessions from Gorbachev which
led to the INF Treaty
• Gorbachev- reforms led to disarmament,
perestroika and glasnost created a new
atmosphere for cooperation
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Essay 4
4.
‘Deng Xiaoping's reforms
created more problems than they
solved in China.’ How far do you
agree?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the impact of Deng’s reforms
• Economic Reforms- brought an end to the command
economy of the Mao era, created Special Economic Zones
(SEZ) and Town/village Enterprises (TEZ), collectivization
came to an end
• By 1991 China had begun a process of rapid
industrialization which increased the wealth
• Negatives- caused mass migration to the cities and led to
economic inequalities in economic development between
east and west China, pollution, growth in opposition to
communist rule
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Theme 4- the nuclear arms race, 1945-91
• The spread and development of nuclear weapons: by
country, type, delivery system
• The development of deterrence theories: massive
retaliation, MAD, flexible response
• The control of nuclear weapons: test-ban treaties, limits on
nuclear powers, SALT I and II, ABM, START I and II, limits
on non-nuclear powers, Non-Proliferation Treaty
• The historical debate: effects of the Nuclear Arms Race on
the Cold War, the consequences
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Essay 1
1. How far was the development of
new strategies of deterrence by the
USA, from 1950 to 1989, a response
to the development of Soviet nuclear
weaponry?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the factors which led to the development of
different strategies of nuclear deterrence by the USA from
1950 to 1989
• In response to Soviet nuclear program- Massive retaliation,
MAD, flexible response
• May mention the decision to upgrade theatre nuclear
weapons such as the deployment of Pershing II and Cruise
missiles in western Europe
• Changes in policy were a response to Soviet nuclear
developments
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Essay 2
2. ‘The Non-Proliferation Treaty of
1968 was more important than the
SALT treaties of the 1970s in
controlling the growth of nuclear
weapons.’ How far do you agree?
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Mark scheme
• Engage in comparative analysis
• Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968- attempted to limit the
spread of nuclear weapons outside the limited nuclear
club, by 1991 the spread had been limited, Israel and
Pakistan
• SALT treaties- limited the development of ABMs but did
not halt the nuclear arms race, by 1991 intermediate
nuclear systems had been developed by both sides, SALT
II was never ratified by the US Senate, limited the number
of nuclear weapons compared to the Non-Proliferation
Treaty
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Essay 3
3. How successful were the two
superpowers in controlling the
development and spread of nuclear
weapons in the period from 1949 to
1991?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the role of the two superpowers from the explosion
of the Soviet atomic bomb until the end of the Cold War
• Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty of 1968, the SALT treaties of 1972 and
1978 and the Intermediate Nuclear Arms treaties of the
1980s under Reagan/Bush and Gorbachev
• Arms race- H-Bomb, ICBM, SLBM, ABM, MIRV
• Control- both powers attempted to limit the testing from
the 1960s
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Essay 4
4. How important were SALT I and
SALT II to the limitation of nuclear
weapons in the period from 1970 to
1989?
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Mark scheme
• Discuss the significance of the SALT treaties in the nuclear
arms race
• Treaties were the first step in controlling the development
of weapons
• SALT I- limited the development of ABM systems
• SALT II- limited the development of weapons, but was not
ratified by the Senate
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan- both superpowers develop
theatre weapons (SS20, Pershing II)
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Theme 5- the development of the international
economy
• The growth and problems of the international
economy to 1991: reasons, main features,
consequences
• The development of international economic
policies: the World Bank and IMF, the Group of
Seven, GATT
• Issues in trade: free trade versus protectionism;
the dominant role of the USA in the world
economy; economic development in Japan
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Essay 1
1.
‘Japan’s economic success was
more to do with domestic policies
than the changing nature of the
international economy.’ How far do
you agree with this view?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the reasons for the rapid economic growth of
Japan from 1950 onwards
• Domestic policies- creation of large cartels geared towards
manufacturing with a work ethic associated with company
loyalty, dominance of the Liberal Party gave political
stability and developed pro-business policies, Ministry of
International Trade and Investment
• Other factors- changing economic scene with the growth
of the global economy, lack of investment and strategies
by trade rivals
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Essay 2
2. To what extent were the oil crises
of 1973 and 1979 the major problem
facing the international economy
during the 1970s?
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Mark scheme
• Expected to assess the Oil Crisis of 1973 and 1979
• Resulted in a major recession in the western developed
world and saw the rise of oil producing countries
associated with OPEC
• Other factors- collapse of the fixed exchange rates, the
abandonment of Keynesian demand-management
economic policies
• The 1970s also saw the rapid development of Third World
debt; growth and consolidation of the EEC, establishment
of West Germany and Japan as major world economies
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Essay 3
3. How far did the USA’s role in the
world economy change in the period
from 1945 to 1991?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the role of the US in the world economy
over time
• 1945- the US dominated the world economy
• Evidence- Bretton Woods Conference, dollar was
the benchmark for the international exchange
rate, World Bank was based in Washington DC,
role in the IMF
• Threats to US dominance- recovery of West
Germany and Japan, creation of the EEC and
European Union, rise of Asian Tigers of the
Pacific Rim
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Essay 4
4. ‘The World Bank and IMF have
ensured economic stability in the
international economy in the years
from 1945 to 1991.’ How far do you
agree?
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Mark scheme
• Discuss the role of the World Bank and IMF in the
development of the international economy
• Both institutions were central pillars of the Bretton Woods
system
• Helped stabilize the international economy by supporting
countries in economic difficulty and in encouraging
economic development in the developing world
• Critics- forcing developing countries into severe economic
policies which have caused social hardship and political
instability
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Theme 6- The Third world
•
Overview of decolonization
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The emergence of the Third World : Bandung Conference, the NonAligned Movement, the formation of UNCTAD
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The moves to establish a New International Economic Order: the Group
of 77, the rise of OPEC, the Brandt Report
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The rise of Islamic Fundamentalism
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The Third World in the 1980s: the Debt Crisis, the emergence of the Asia
Tigers economies, famine in Africa, the decline of OPEC
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Arguments for and against international aid and the role of multi-national
corporations
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Essay 1
1. ‘International aid to developing
countries encouraged
corruption and did little to
relieve poverty.’ How far do you
agree with this view of
international aid from 1960 to
1991?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the impact of international aid on the developing
world between 1960 and 1991
• Evidence- aid to the developing world by the superpowers
was part of their attempt to gain influence in the Cold War,
much of the aid was in the form of military equipment,
inflamed regional conflicts causing war, did little to aid the
relief of poverty
• Evidence- may also refer to the kleptocracy in the
developing world where aid enriched corrupt leaders
• Counter facts- aid by NGOs did relieve poverty (Live Aid
1985)
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Essay 2
2. How significant was the Bandung
Conference of 1955 to the nonaligned movement?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the reasons behind the development of the non-aligned
movement in the post 1950 era and the importance of the
Bandung Conference
• Conference should be seen in the context of the Cold War and
decolonization
• States such as Indonesia, Burma, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
laid the foundation for an international organization separate
form the US dominated West and Communist Bloc
• Bandung Conference was successful in creating a non-aligned
movement which survived throughout the post-1955 period
• Created the Third World as a separate entity from the two
superpowers
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Essay 3
3. To what extent were the problems
facing the Third World, in the period
from 1960 to 1991, caused by the
activities of multi-national
corporations?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the role of multi-national corporations in causing
problems in the Third World
• Evidence- exploitation of natural resources, exploitation of
labor with corporations such as Nike using child and
female labor, exploitation of political tension to gain
economic advantage
• Counter facts- political corruption, natural disasters,
political instability, population growth, instances of multinational corporations helping to develop the Third World
(Mexico, Nigeria)
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Essay 4
4. To what extent was the
decolonization of Africa a success to
1991?
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Mark scheme
• Assess the success of decolonization in Africa
• Evidence- lack of bloodshed associated with
decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa, creation of stable
states such as Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania
• Counter facts- war in Nigeria and the Congo, corruption
and political instability, poor economic management
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