Transcript File
10/27 Daily Catalyst
Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it?
2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele.
3.
Describe
three organelles involved in protein synthesis.
10/27 Daily Catalyst
Pg. 40 Endosymbiotic Theory 1. You are given an unknown cell. Under your microscope you observe multiple mitochondria. From your findings, what type of cell is it?
Could be a plant or animal cell 2. A population in HWE, has 34% of the population exhibiting hybrid characteristics. Calculate the percentage of the population with the dominant allele.
More information is needed 3.
Describe
three organelles involved in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes ER Golgi Apparatus
10/27 Class Business
Field Trip form and $5 by Tuesday Cell Test on Thursday Quiz on Wednesday M.C. on cells, HWE, reading graphs Tutoring on Wed. until 3:50 Test corrections due Wednesday after break
10/27Agenda
Daily Catalyst Class business Endosymbiotic theory notes Homework: Reading Reading quiz on Tuesday
10/27 Objective
We will be able to use representations and models to describe differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Skills: label diagrams, comparing and contrasting, and linking structure to function.
Key vocabulary: endosymbiotic, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic
Review
Which of the following structures is common to plant and animal cells?
A. Chloroplast B. Wall made of cellulose C. Tonoplast D. Mitochondrion E. Centriole D
Review
Which of the following structure-function pairs is mismatched?
A. nucleolus; ribosome production B. lysosome; intracellular digestion C. Ribosome; protein synthesis D. Golgi; protein trafficking E. Microtubule; muscle contraction E
Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into protein. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to trace the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is more likely the pathway for movement of this protein in the cell.
A. ER Golgi Nucleus B. Golgi ER lysosome C. Nucleus ER Golgi D. ER Golgi vesicles that fuse with the membrane E. ER Lysosomes vesicles that fuse with the membrane D
Cells : Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Life can be divided into two categories:
Prokaryote Eukaryote Eu:
True
Karyote:
Nucleus
Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated
Organelles Chromosomes Multicellular Animal and plant cells
Eukaryotes contain membrane-bounded organelles Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm
Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.
sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell
Mesophyll cell specialized to capture as much sunlight as possible inside a leaf
How did organelles evolve?
In 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “Endosymbiont Theory.” Many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors.
Key Point #1: Endo = inside Symbiont = relationship
Endosymbiont theory (briefly):
Key Point #2: A prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote The smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet.
Key Point #3: The two cells evolve in a way they can no longer live independently form one another
This is an example of a symbiotic relationship
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2 endosymb.html
Time: 15 minutes 1. Define aerobic and anaerobic 2. How is the replication of the mitochondria and chloroplast evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
3. Explain 5 similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts and bacterial cells 4. Describe the benefits to both an aerobic cell and an anaerobic cell that may have allowed for the formation of a mutually benefitting relationship to occur.
5. Explain why there are 2 lipid bilayers around both mitochondria and chloroplasts 6. How is the mitochondria DNA proof of the endosymbiotic theory?
The small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose.
The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy (ATP) the cell can use.
Key Point #4: Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship (mutualism)
Key Point #5: Evidence
Mitochondria Chloroplast
Double Membrane
Divide by binary fission
Produces ATP
Circular DNA
Double Membrane
Divide by Binary Fission
Uses sunlight for photosynthesis
Circular DNA
The bolded words are important to proks!
Chlorella are tiny green cells that live inside some amoeba... endosymbiosis may still be evolving today!
How are plant and animal cells different?
Directions: Compare and contrast plant and animal cells using a venn diagram.
Structure cell membrane nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton Animal cells Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes Plant cells yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes Yes
Life can be divided into two categories:
Prokaryote Pro:
Before Karyote: Nucleus
Eukaryote Eu:
True
Karyote:
Nucleus
Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria
~.5 microns in size (tiny)
Single-celled(unicellular)
These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
Prokaryote cells are simply built
capsule : slimy outer coating cell wall : tougher middle layer cell membrane : delicate inner skin
Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
cytoplasm : inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli : for sticking to things flagella : for swimming ribosomes : for building proteins
Prokaryote lifestyle
unicellular : all alone colony : forms a film filamentous : forms a chain of cells
Prokaryote Feeding
Photosynthetic : energy from sunlight Disease-causing : feed on living things Decomposers : feed on dead things
Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow fast reproduction all the same can specialize multicellularity can build large bodies
Cell Structures
Cell membrane delicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells
Nucleus ) a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA has pores: holes
Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA
mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be free floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA
Endoplasmic reticulum may be smooth : builds lipids and carbohydrates may be rough : stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products
Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell
Centrioles pair of bundled tubes organize cell division
Cytoskeleton
made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.
Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door
Vacuole huge water filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch
Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy
Eukaryote cells can be multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs
How do animal cells move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia
Pseudopods
means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane example: ameoba
Flagellum/flagella
large whiplike tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair
Cilia
fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison
1. d 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. f 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. a 11. a 12. c
24/24 4.0
22/24 3.6
20/24 2.9
18/24 2.0
16/24 1.2
14/24 .4
12/24 .1