Transcript (單字學習技巧)簡報檔(893 KB )

Fundamental English Morphology
For EFL Learners
At the Intermediate Level
Mr. Badi Chen
SMVHS
[email protected]
Table of Contents
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Importance
Basic Word Formation Rules
Suffixes
Prefixes
Roots
Further Reading
Importance of Learning
English Word Formation
Words are the Building Blocks of a Language
How many words will you need to
meet the intermediate level?
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4. Sally’s mother became very distressed when
Sally said she was quitting school, and would work
full-time in a restaurant.
(A) silent (B) unhappy (C) obvious (D) guilty
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5. Andrew is now working at a factory, but his dream
is to possess a business run by himself.
(A) allow (B) hit (C) depend (D) own
99 年統測英文
How many new words do you find
in each of the following passages?
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Cacao beans ( from which chocolate is made )
were brought to Spain from Central America in the
16th century. The Indians of Central America had been
making hot chocolate drinks for many years. They
made their hot chocolate with water, not milk, and it
was dark brown, spicy and bitter. At first, the Spanish
people were not impressed with this strange drink.
However, someone came up with the idea of adding
sugar. As a result, drinking hot chocolate became
popular in Spain, and quickly spread to England,
France, Italy and beyond.
How many new words do you find
in each of the following passages?
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Because cacao beans had to be shipped such a
long distance, chocolate was an expensive drink and
only the rich could afford it. The ordinary people
generally drank beer, cheap wine or water. They
probably wondered how this special chocolate drink
tasted. As drinking chocolate became popular,
chocolate houses grew up in England. Rich men spent
hours in them, drinking chocolate while they played
cards for money, read the newspapers and shared the
latest gossip. Rich ladies did not generally go to the
chocolate houses, but enjoyed their hot chocolate at
home, usually for breakfast.
99 年統測英文閱讀測驗
How many words will you need to
meet the intermediate level?

1. Chinese is a language with many _______
differences. People living in different areas often
speak different dialects.
(A) sociable (B) legendary (C) regional (D) superior
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7. The water company inspects the pipelines and
_____ the water supply regularly to ensure the
safety of our drinking water.
(A) exhibits (B) monitors (C) interprets (D) converts
99 年指考英文
How many new words do you find
in each of the following passages?
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Coffee experts are willing to pay large sums of money for
high-quality coffee beans. The high-end beans, such as Kona
or Blue Mountain, are known to cost extraordinary sums of
money. Then there is Kopi Lowak (translated as “Civet
Coffee”), the world’s most expensive coffee, which sells for as
much as US $50 per quarter-pound.
This isn’t particularly surprising, given that approximately
500 pounds a year of Kopi Lowak constitute the entire world
supply. What is surprising is why this particular coffee is so
rare. In fact, it’s not the plants that are rare. It’s the civet
droppings. That’s right, the civet droppings—the body waste
of the palm civet. Coffee beans aren’t Kopi Lowak until
they’ve been digested and come out in the body waste of the
palm civet.
How many new words do you find
in the following passages?
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Palm civets are tree-dwelling, raccoon-like little animals,
native to Southeast Asia and the Indonesian islands. They also
have a love for coffee cherries. According to Kopi Lowak
suppliers, palm civets eat the fruit whole, but only digest the
outer fruit, leaving the beans intact. While the beans are not
destroyed, they undergo a transformation in the animal’s body. A
chemical substance in the digestive system of the palm civet
causes some changes to the beans to give them a unique flavor.
However, this is not the only explanation why coffee beans
retrieved from civet droppings have a special flavor all their own.
Another possible reason is that palm civets have an unfailing
instinct for picking the coffee cherries at the peak of their
ripeness.
How many new words do you
find in the following passages?
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Kopi Lowak is reported to have a character in taste
unlike any other coffee, complex with caramel
undertones and an earthy or gamey flavor. Currently,
most of the world’s supply of Kopi Lowak is sold in Japan,
though a few US markets are also starting to stock up on
Kopi Lowak.
99 年指考英文閱讀測驗
How do you increase your English
vocabulary?
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(A) Recite all the words from the senior high
English textbooks
(B) Recite all the words from A to Z in an
English-to-Chinese dictionary
(C) Read more English articles and learn the
English words thematically
(D) Study the English word formation rules
常見英語構詞法 (1)
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詞綴 (affixation): disobey, kindness, friendly,
befriend, exclude, include,
合併 (compounding) greenhouse, blackboard,
background, airmail, aftershock, black tea
剪短 (clipping): laboratory—lab,
mathematics—math, dormitory—dorm,
vegetable—vege
混合 (blending): breakfast and lunch—brunch,
motorist hotel—motel, vegeburger--?
常見英語構詞法 (2)
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首字縮寫 (acronym): VIP—very important person,
ICRT—International Community Radio Taipei, ASAP
(as soon as possible)
重疊 (reduplication): ping pong, walkie talkie
外來語 (loan words): fiancée, tea, vuvuzela
Affixation
conversationalist
discover/uncover/
recover
Suffixes 詞尾 / Prefixes 詞首
Suffixes 表”動作者”
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–(i)an: American, historian, musician, librarian,
vegetarian, civilian, Italian, Asian,
–er/or/ar (V-er): beggar, liar, inventor, competitor,
employer teacher, trainer, examiner, driver, opener,
waiter, server, dancer,
–ist (科學/藝術專家): scientist, violinist, artist,
dentist, pianist, novelist, chemist
–ess (女性) waitress, hostess, lioness, actress,
–ee (接收動作者): employee, interviewee, trainee,
examinee,
–ant/-ent: student, assistant, servant, accountant,
participant, contestant
Suffixes 表名詞 (1)
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–ence/-ance(特質/狀況): importance, ignorance,
confidence, dependence, absence,
–hood (身分/時期/集團): boyhood, childhood, manhood,
neighborhood, fatherhood
–(i)ty(性質/狀態): activity, purity, reality, ability, stability,
honesty, safety
–tion/-sion(行為結果): action, relation, permission,
decision
-ation(行為結果): invitation, imagination, preparation,
examination,
–ment(V-ment產物/結果): agreement, treatment,
punishment, development, payment
Suffixes 表名詞 (2)
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–ness (adj-ness): kindness, goodness, carelessness,
deafness, sadness, happiness
–ship (身份/群體): friendship, sportsmanship,
membership, ownership
–ism (學說/主義) socialism, Buddhism, racism,
heroism, terrorist, materialism
-ory/-ery/-ary (場所) library, factory, dormitory,
observatory, laboratory, bakery, nursery
-ery/-ry (集合物/人) dictionary, scenery, vocabulary,
jewelry,
–logy (學科/理論)biology, astrology, zoology, geology
–ic/-ics (~學/術) music, logic, economics, mathematics,
phonetics,
Suffixes 形容詞字尾 (1)
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–able/-ible (可以~的): movable, comfortable, eatable,
washable, lovable, visible, horrible
-al (相關的) medical, natural, personal, additional
-en (~材質的): wooden, golden, woolen, silken
–ful (滿~的): careful, , thoughtful, cheerful, hopeful,
painful,
-ful (~的量): handful, cupful, roomful, spoonful,
mouthful, houseful
–(i)ous(有~特質的): dangerous, famous, jealous,
courageous, anxious, glorious,
Suffixes 形容詞字尾 (2)
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-less (少/缺~的): hopeless, homeless, worthless,
childless, tireless, priceless, lifeless
-ish (帶有~的/呈~的) boyish, childish, womanish,
greenish, youngish, tallish
–ive: active, attractive, passive, relative, productive,
creative
-y (N-y 有~的) rainy, windy, dirty, hairy, smelly, bloody,
sleepy, tasty, angry
-ly (N-ly) friendly, heavenly, manly, timely, monthly,
yearly
-ing (令人~的) shocking, energy-saving, timeconsuming, developing
-ed (已/被/感到~的) developed, gifted, aged,
exhausted, confused, fixed
Suffixes 動詞/副詞字尾
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動詞字尾
 –en(變~ N-en): darken, sweeten, shorten, soften,
lengthen, , strengthen, heighten
 –(i)fy(使~化): simplify, classify, magnify, beautify, purify,
satisfy,
 -ize (使成為~/化) realize, apologize, modernize, urbanize,
socialize, computerize, memorize
副詞字尾:
 –ly (adj-ly): badly, warmly, happily, largely, hardly
 -wise/-ward (方式/方向): likewise, otherwise, clockwise,
backward, forward, upward,
 -wide (遍及~的) citywide, islandwide, worldwide,
nationwide,
 –holic (~狂/成癮者) bookholic, alcoholic, cyberholic,
foodholic, tellyholic, workholic
Prefix數目/大小相關字首
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semi-(一半) semicircle, semiconductor, semiofficial,
semicolon
uni-(單一) unity, union, unicorn, universe, uniform,
unicycle,
bi-(雙/兩倍) bilingual, biweekly, bicycle, bicolored,
tri- (三/三倍) triple, triangle, tricycle,
deca- (十) decade
multi-(許多) multiple, multicolored, multicultural,
multinational, multimedia,
re- (again) review, rewrite, reassure, reborn,
rebuild, recover, restore, repay, recycle
Prefix 強調
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extra- (額外的, 超越的) extra-cheap, extra-large,
extra-special
super- (超過) superhero, supercool, supersonic,
supervise, superhighway, supernatural,
sur- (over, beyond) surreal, survive, surround,
tele-(遠距) television, telephone, telescope,
telepathy, teleshopping, telecourse
mega- (超大) mega-structure,
micro-(細小的) microphone, microscope, microwave,
micromini
mini- (short, small) minibike, minibus, minicam,
miniskirt,
Prefix方位相關字首(1)
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pre-(before) predict, prepare, prearrange, preview,
prehistory, preheat, preschool, prewar,
post-(after) postmodern, postwar prisoner, postindustrial,
fore-(之前,前面) forerunner, forefather, foretell, foreword,
ex- ( 向外out) export, express, exclude, explore
ex- (former) ex-wife, ex-teacher, ex-president, exboyfriend
in-/im- (增加/向內) increase, input, insert, inject, insight,
import, immigrate, implant,
out- (向外/更多outside/more than) output, outsider,
outdoor, outlive, outsell,
inter- (之間between, among) interaction, international,
interstate, interchange
Prefix方位相關字首 (2)
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trans- (跨越 across) transport, transplant, transform,
per- (穿越 through) perspective, permit
up-(向上) upgrade, update, upside, upstream, uptown,
upward,
over-(之上/超過) overhead, overpass, overnight,
overestimate, overwork, oversleep, overhear
under- (之下) underground, underline, underwear,
undergraduate, underweight,
sub- (之下 below, lower) subway, submarine, subzero,
subtitle, suburban, subtropical
Prefix 否定相關字首(1)
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il-/ir-(not表否定) illegal, illogical, irregular, irreligious,
irrational,
im- (not) impossible, immature, immortal, imperfect,
impatient, improper
in- (not) incorrect, independent, inaccurate,
inappropriate, incomplete, indirect
un-(表否定) unable, unhealthy, unknown, unclean,
unhappy, unemployment, uncover, unpack
Prefix 否定相關字首 (2)
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dis-(不) dislike, disagree, disorder, discount, dishonest,
discover, disclose,
counter- (相對) counterclockwise, counterpart
mis- (錯誤/壞) misunderstand, mistake, misfortune,
mischief, miscopy, misuse, mistreat
non-(無/非) non-smoker, non-drinker, nonalcoholic,
nonfat, nonstick, nonstop
anti-(反抗) antibody, anti-nuclear, anti-war, antismoking
Prefix 共同/一起相關字首
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con-/com-/col-/cor- (共同/一起) computable, commemorate,
compress, concord, concourse, contest, collide, collapse,
correspond
co- coauthor, cooperate, coworker, coeducation
Prefix 動詞及其他字首
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de-(去除/減少) decrease, destruct, dehydrate,
degrade, defrost, devalue, decode,
en- (使~/放入) enable, enrich, enlarge,
encourage, endanger, entrust, enroll, encase
bio-(生命) biology, biotechnology, biosphere,
biography
e- (電子化的) e-book, e-business, e-mail, ezine, e-ticket
Roots 字根
Roots 字根 (1)
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act (to act) activity, interact, react, transact
aud (to hear) audience, audio
ceive, cept (to take) receive, perceive
clud (to shut) conclude, exclude, include
dic, dict (to say) dictionary, contradict
form (to form) format, perform, transform
gram, graph (to write) biography, geography, grammar,
jac, ject (to throw) inject, object, project, reject, subject
log (to speak) dialogue, logic
Roots 字根 (2)
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mar, mari (sea) marine, maritime, submarine
phon (sound) earphone, headphone, symphony,
microphone,
port (carry) import, export, transport, support, report
press (to press) depress, express, impress, suppress
rect (right, straight) rectangle, correct, direct, erect
scend (to climb) ascend, descend, transcend
spec, spect (to see) aspect, inspect, perspective,
prospect,
struc, struct (to put together, to build) construct,
destruction, instruct
vid, vis (to see) video, visit, visual, supervise, revise
Further Reading
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小川芳男,前田健三. 1992. 增進英語單字力400個字
首、字根、字尾. 台北縣: 迪藤出版.
李文玲編. 2010. 字首字尾解碼. 台北市: 三民書
局.