Transcript Chap 2 PPT
Models for Program
Planning in
Health Promotion
HSC 489
Presentation Overview
The Purpose of Theories and Models
Various Models
How Grants Fit In
The Purpose of a Model
“Models? I
hate models!”
“Not
another
model!”
“Rats!”
“What’s a
model?”
Theory versus Models
A theory is…
“a tool to help health
educators better
understand what
influences health”-Hochbaum et. al, 1992
explains how/why
life happens
developed over time
A model is…
represents theory
framework for
investigation/design
Examples:
PATCH
PRECEDE/PROCEED
Precede-Proceed Model
PRECEDE: Predisposing, Reinforcing &
Enabling constructs in
Educational/Ecological Diagnosis &
Evaluation
PROCEED: Policy, Regulatory &
Organizational Constructs in Educational
and Environmental Development
Green & Kreuter
PRECEDE/PROCEED Model
Phase 5
Administrative
& policy
assessment
Phase 4
Educational &
ecological
assessment
Health
Promotion
Predisposing
Factors
•Health
Education
•Policy
Reinforcing
Factors
Phase 3
Phase 2
Behavioral & “Epi”
environmental assessment
assessment
Behavior
Health
Environment
Enabling
Factors
Phase 6
Phase 7
Implementation
Process
Evaluation
Phase 1
Social
assessment
Phase 8
Impact
Evaluation
Phase 9
Outcome
Evaluation
Quality
of Life
Phase 1: Social Assessment
Define the quality of life (problems &
priorities) of the target population
Involve members of population in a selfstudy of their needs
Social indicators: absenteeism, alienation,
crime, discrimination, happiness, riots,
self-esteem, welfare, unemployment
Phase 2: Epi. Assessment
Use data to ID and rank health goals or
problems that identified in P1.
Data: disabilities, fertility, fitness,
morbidity/mortality, physiological risk
factors (incidence, prevalence, etc)
Phase 3: Behavioral &
Environmental Assessment
Determining & Prioritizing Behavioral and
Env. Risk Factors linked to P2 health
problems
Behavioral: compliance, coping,
prevention activities, self-care
Environmental: economic, services,
society (access, affordability)
Prioritization Matrix
Importance +
Changeable +
Changeable -
High Priority for
program focus
Priority for
innovative
program
Importance -
Low priority
No program
Phase 4: Educational & Ecological
Assessment
IDs and classifies factors that have the
potential to influence a behavior
Predisposing: knowledge and traits
Reinforcing: Rewarding/feedback
Enabling: barriers created by societal
forces
Phase 5: Administrative & Policy
Assessment
Determine if the resources are available to
develop and implement the program
Establish Goals and Objectives
Precede ends
Phase 6: Implementation
Select models and strategies of the
intervention
Implementation begins
Proceed begins
Phase 7: Process Evaluation
Based on Goals & Objectives of P5
Measurements gathered during
implementation
To control, assure, or improve program
quality
Phase 8: Impact Evaluation
The immediate observable effects of a
program
Leads to the intended outcomes of a
program
Intermediate outcomes
Phase 9: Outcome Evaluation
An ultimate goal or product of a program
Generally measured by morbidity or
mortality, vital measures, symptoms, signs
MATCH
Multilevel Approach to Community Health
(MATCH)
Intervention activities should be aimed at a
variety of objectives and individuals
MATCH, when is it used?
When behavioral and environmental risk
and protective factors are known
When general priorities for action have
been determined
Focuses on program development
Phases of MATCH
1: Goal Selection – select health-status
goals, priority populations, select health
behavior goals, and environmental
factors/goals
2: Intervention Planning – match
intervention objectives with intervention
targets and intervention actions
TIAs:
Targets of the Intervention Actions
Individuals that exert influence or control
over the personal or environmental
conditions related to the health & behavior
goals
Levels of TIAs: individual, interpersonal,
organizational, societal, and
governmental.
Phases of MATCH
3: Program Development – create
program units or components, select or
develop curricula, develop session plans,
create or acquire materials
4: Implementation Preparations – facilitate
adoption, implementation and
maintenance; select and train
implementors (educators)
Phases of MATCH
5: Evaluation – Conduct process
evaluation, measure impact and monitor
outcomes
PATCH
Planned Approach to Community Health
(PATCH)
Developed by CDC in the mid 1980s
With the Community definition of…
Can be used in a variety of health ed and
health promotion situations
5 Steps
PATCH Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mobilizing the Community
Collecting and organizing data
Choosing health priorities and target
groups
Choosing and conducting interventions
Conducting Evaluations
PATCH suggested elements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Community support and participation
Data collection and analysis
Objectives and standards to help plan and
evaluation
Adoption of multiple strategies in multiple
situations
Sustained monitoring and evaluation
Local and national support
APEXPH and MAPP
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health
(APEXPH) and Mobilizing for Action through Planning
and Partnership (MAPP)
APEXPH – a tool for local health departments for all
components of program planning
MAPP – enhanced APEXPH, more structured
framework for assessment and program planning.
APEXPH
Organizational Capacity Assessment
Community Process
Completing the Cycle
MAPP
Four Assessments
Community themes and strengths assessment
Local public health system assessment
Community health status assessment
Forces of change assessment
Prioritize strategic issues
Goals & Objectives
Action Cycle – planning, implement, evaluate
Health Communication
Any type of human communication concerned
with health
The art and technique of informing, influencing,
and motivating audiences about important health
issues
Includes health education, social marketing, and
mass communication
Social Marketing
A program planning process designed to
influence the voluntary behavior of a
specific audience segment to achieve a
social rather than a financial objective
Positions consumers at the core of all
activity
Not complicated, just time-consuming and
costly
Social Marketing – key elements
Audience centered program development
Promotion of voluntary behavior change
Audience segmentation and profiling
Formative research to develop & test
programs
Range of product development based on
audience research (AR)
Social Marketing – key elements
Product distribution based on AR
Program promotion through channels
identified in AR
Process evaluation
Outcome evaluation
Audience & community involvement in the
planning process (i.e, focus groups)
CDCynergy
Most comprehensive and theoretically
based health communication model
CD-ROM tool
Six Phases
Creation of a Social Marketing Plan
Phases of CDCynergy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Problem Definition & Description
Problem Analysis
Communication Program Planning
Program & Evaluation Development
Program Implementation & Management
Feedback
How Grants Fit In?
A statement of the obvious
Programs
Models
Plans
Money
Funding
Resources