Transcript KULIAH DSR PERLINTAN

PLANTS PROTECTION
(PESTS OF PLANTS )
Dr. SUPRIYADi, MS
Departement of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Sebelas Maret
I. Introduction
Lecture Schedule
 Introduction
 Insects as Pests (Identified of insect)
 Insect Ecology
 Pest controls
 Integrated pest management
ASSESMENT: MIDTERM
Reference
 Wilson MC, Broersama DB & Provonsha AV. 1083.
Fundamentals of Aplied Entomology. 2nd. Practical
Insect Pest Management Vol 1. Perdue University
 Kalshoven LGE. 1981. Pests of Crops in Indonesia.
sed by PAVan der Laan. PT. Ichtiar Baru. Jakarta
 Borror DJ, De Long DM, and Triplehorn CA. 1981. An
Introduction to the study of insects. Saunder Collage
Publishing. Philadelphia. 827p.
Animals as Pest
 In agricultural context: pest can be defined that
animals cause sufficient damage in terms
of
reduction of yield and the quality of the harvested
product by an amount that is unacceptable to the
farmer.
 Relatively few species of animals compate with man while
feeding, these few often onlyattain pest status because
man has cultivated crops which are their preferred hosts.
The great majority of animals including insects, are,
however, harmless or even useful
The Number and Proportions of
species in major taxa species
Vertebrates, 54000, 4%
Protozoa, 30000, 2%
Other Invertebrates
213000
15%
Green Plants , 308000, 22%
Green Plants
Phytophagous Insects
Saprophagous and Predacious Insects
Other Invertebrates
Saprophagous and
Predacious Insects, 431000,
31%
Protozoa
Phytophagous Insects,
361000, 26%
Vertebrates
(Southwood, 1978)
Groups of animals
Goups of animals as Pest
 Phyillum Arthropoda
 Clas of Insecta (e.g brwn planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens)
 Clas Arachnid (Acarina: e.g Teranychus spp)
 Phyillum Chordata
 Clas Mammalia (Rodentia: e.g. Callosciurus sp, Rattus rattus
diardii.
 Clas Aves (Birds: e.g. Munia spp.)
 Phyillum Mollusca
 Klas Gastropodag (e.g. giant snail (Achatina fulica)
 Phyillum Nemathelmintes :
 Klas Nematoda (e.g Rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne spp)
The importance of Insect as pests……..
???
 Phyillum Mollusca
 Phyillum Chordata
 Phyillum Chordata
 Phyillum Insecta
The importance of
Insect as pests
Why are insects impotant as pest
 Live in the greatest variety of habitats
 Exhibit diverse types of locomotion
 Eat the greatest variety of
food
(monophagous,
olygophagous,
polyphagous)
 Greatest number of species
 Hight facundity or progeny
Comparative number of described animals
species.
Crustacea
3%
other inverterbrata
2%
worm
2%
Myriapoda
1%
Arachnida
4%
Protozoa
4%
Coleoptera
Mollusca
Diptera
Hemiptera
Other Insect
9%
Coleoptera
42%
Vertebrata
Other Insect
Protozoa
Vertebrata
6%
Arachnida
Crustacea
other inverterbrata
Hemiptera
8%
worm
Myriapoda
Diptera
9%
Mollusca
10%
(Southwood, 1978)
INSECT
INTERACT
WITH
MAN
PLANTS
OTHER ANIMALS
BENEFICIAL
BENEFICIAL TO
MAN
HARMFUL
THEY COMPETE
WITH MAN
BENEFICIAL INSECT
Dactylopius coccus
(Hemiptera:Coddoideae)
Honey bee,
Aphis mellifera
Insect Pollinators
- (Apis sp)
Natural enemies:
-Predators
14
Natural enemies:
-Parasitoids
15
Natural enemies:
-Parasitoid
16
I. Insect as Pests
Causes of Pest Occurrences
and Outbreak
 Monoculture of crops. A Large concentration
of the same species cultured year after year
will provide of resources for insect feeding,
and so the ecological diversity is
nonexistent. A situation analogous to
storage of food.
 Crops are introduced to new biotic
communities without accompaniment of
their natural enemies
 Breeding of susceptible genotype of crops
when in search of other attributs (e.g. yield,
flavours, quality, resistance to climats and
other conditions)
Causes of Pest Occurrences and
Outbreak
 Application of broad spectrum insecticide ca
eliminate benefecial insects (predators and
parasitoids and competitors of pest species), in
general so that secondary pest outbreak emerge.
Or to lead of an insecticide resistant strain
 Use of nitrogen fertilizer in high levels may also
generate rapid increase in insect pest number
 Insect are able to increase in numbers rapidly
because of their very high reproductive
potentials.
 Periodical or cyclical pest outbreak can occur
even under natural conditions ( e.g Locust,
plant/leaf hopper, noctuid)
PLANT-FEEDING
INSECT
Damage: damage causing
insect may be
classified as follows:
 Defoliators: leaf eater dan leaf miner
 Borers or feeders: of steams, roots, fruit, and
seed
 Root feeder
 Sap feeder
 Gall former
 Those which do multiple damage.
 Pest of stored product
Defoliators: leaf eater
dan leaf miner
As rule these cause the most conspicuous damage
(couse kill seedling or small plant).
 E.g: Locusta spp (Orthoptera); the army
worm: Spodoptera spp (Lepidoptera),
 Tipe of Mouthparts: mandibulata
Cabbage Looper
Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)
Eggs hatch in 3-4 days
As a pupa for about 2 weeks
Larva have 5 instars in 3 weeks, most
damage is done in last 2 instars
adult
Borers or feeders: of steams,
roots, fruit, and seed
Boring insects largely occur in the orders
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera.
 E.g Fruit flies, Dacus spp. (Diptera), Rice stem
borer, Tryporyza sp. Corn borer, Sitophyllus
sp
 Root feeder
Damage: damage causing
insect may be
classified as follows:
 Root feeder potato moth, Phthorimaea
operculella.
 Sap feeder
Damage caused are two types: direct damege
and indirect damage, as follows:
 Direct damage: Caused by stylets damaging
cell of the plant, particularly of the soft
growing tissue. Symptoms are Necrotic
spot,
stunting
and
phytotoxemia/
discolouration
 Indirect damege: Caused by insects acting
as vectors of virus or mycoplasma disease.
The typemof damege maybe more serious
than direct damge
Aphid on chili
Kutu kebul (Bemisia tabaci)
Aphids on some plants
green peach
foxglove
melon
Tungro virus on Rice
Bacilliform virus particles of Rice tungro bacilliform virus (Courtesy H. Hibino)
The symtom of rice tungro virus
in rice field
 Gall former
Gall forming insect are found in the orders of
Diptera, Hemiptera.
These insects produce
galls on plant tissue .
 E.g Rice Gall midges, Orseolia oryzae; Gall
forming pest of young tobacco, Scrobipalpa
heliopa,
Multiple damage
There are pests that cause multiple damage that
combine some of the catagories of damage
reffered to above:
 E.g. The caterpillar as known of catton
bollworm, tobacco budworm, Heliothis
armigera
and
H.puctigera.
These
catterpillar caused seriuous damage on
vgetable and horticultural crops.
Pest of Stored
Product
Pest of stored product or post harvest pest
generally belong to orders of Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera. Grain and grain product are
subject to damage by the insect. Losses are felt
in two ways (i) loss fo grain itself and (ii)
presence of insects makes grains ang grains
products unsuitable for consumption
 E.g. Rice weevil, Sitophyllus spp, Flour
beetle, Tribolium spp.
BUKU ACUAN
Buku Acuan :

Kalshoven LGE. 1981. Pests of Crops in Indonesia.
Terjemahan Van der Laan. PT. Ichtiar Baru. Jakarta

Metcalf,R L dan W.H. Luckman. 1975. Intoduction of Insect
Pest Management. John Willy Publisher. New York

Borror,Dj; D.M. DeLong; dan C.A. Triplehorn. 1981. An
Introduction to the Study of insect. Saunder Collage
Publishing. Philadelphia.

Chapman, RF. 1975. The Insect, Structure And Function.
American Elsivier Publishing Company Inc. New York
Sekian
Wass. alaikum Wr .Wb.