Transcript Sheep Animal Health Week 1 9.45MB

Good stockmanship and early detection of sick animals
is vitally important in reducing mortality rates.
Signs of ill health
Signs of good health
Not eating/ poor appetite
Active
Isolated
Lively/bright
Lying for prolonged periods
Good Performance/Liveweight gain
Scour with traces of blood
Normal eating or grazing pattern
Dull
Normal Faeces
Poor performance/Liveweight gain Normal temperature
Breathless or blowing
Raised temperature
Steady breathing
Biosecurity
Biosecurity is the prevention of disease
causing agents entering or leaving any place
where they can pose a risk to farm animals,
other animals, humans, or the safety and
quality of a food product.
The same principles apply within the farm,
preventing disease spreading between
animals and groups
Biosecurity risks on sheep farms
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The main biosecurity risk for a sheep farm is from
purchased in sheep
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Try to maintain a closed flock
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Quarantine purchased animals
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Examples of the main infection risks from purchased
in stock:
Scab
Orf
Foot rot
CODD
Jaagsiekte
(OPA)
Step 1: Yard
On arrival, yard or house sheep. Do not
put directly out to pasture or
mix with other sheep.
Step 2: Treat
Treat all new sheep with an orange
or purple drench (no resistance detected)
and treat for sheep scab.
Step 3: Quarantine
After 24-48 hours put out to pasture
that has been used to graze sheep but
keep separate from other sheep for 3 weeks
Worms
Fluke
External parasites
1.
2.
3.
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Blowfly
Scab
Worms can cost £10 +/lamb
1.
2.
3.
Industry has intensified
More dependence on wormers
Which has led to
Resistance
In 2013 49% of anthelmintic treatments as part of the
STAP programme in ROI were not fully effective
(did not kill > 95% of worms)
What is anthelmintic resistance – when a worm can survive exposure to a
dose that would normally kill it. The ability to survive is genetic and is
passed onto the next generation of worms.
Resistance categories
1.
2.
3.
Weigh the group to be treated –
use the dose rate recommended
for the heaviest of the group
Check your dosing gun using a
syringe or measuring jar. Clean
the dosing gun after use
Dose correctly over back of
tongue
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Don’t treat and move
When sheep are drenched only resistant worms survive.
To reduce the selection pressure for resistant worms you
should either:
1. Know which parasites threaten your lambs
2. Use regional information and assess risk
• Did the pasture graze lambs last year – higher risk
• SCOPS - www.scops.org.uk
3. Use Faecal egg counts to monitor the need to drench
only dose if there is a high worm burden
Choose a narrow spectrum product to deal with specific parasites. Avoid
combination products.
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A FEC gives an indication of the number of
adult worms in the gut of a sheep.
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Measured as eggs per gram of faeces
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FEC’s are used to:
◦ Help determine the need to treat
◦ Determine the level of pasture contamination
◦ Test the efficacy of a worming treatment
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Collect dung samples fresh from lambs
Take random samples. Do not seek out scouring
or dry lambs.
Take 10 samples per group. These
will be pooled at the lab.
Send to either vet / AFBI VSD or
you can use a DIY test kit
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Mature fit and healthy sheep have a good
immunity.
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Pre tupping – no treatment usually needed
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At lambing - ewes immunity levels are low. This
allows more worm eggs to be shed,
contaminating ground for lambs.
◦ Dose at or soon after lambing
◦ Give correct dose
◦ Leave 10 – 20% untreated (fittest, mature and
rearing singles).
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Wean early and move lambs to clean grazing
(silage aftermath)
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Mixed grazing with cattle and reduced stocking
density.
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Grazing quality – healthy well fed lambs are more
resilient to worms.
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Grazing by mature ewes – use post weaning to
hoover pastures (does not apply for nematodirus)
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Alternative crops – chicory and birdsfoot trefoil
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Breeding for resistance to worms
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Results in the movement of
large numbers of immature
flukes through the liver or
from the presence of adult
fluke in the bile ducts.
Can infect all grazing animals
both cattle and sheep
Bigger problem in sheep – no
natural immunity
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History of liver fluke on
farm
Wet ground/meadows
(habitat for snails)
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Very wet years
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Grazing pattern
◦ Acute Disease
◦ Chronic Disease
1. Use abattoir feedback – currently underused
(Aphis Online)
2. Investigate deaths – post mortem results
3. Watch for clinical signs – weight loss, poor
thrive, bottle jaw, abdominal pain and sudden
death
4. Use performance indicators – BCS, LWG in
lambs, scanning results
5. Discuss with vet – fluke egg detection and use
of blood tests.
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Key to the fluke life cycle is the snail - therefore
reduce the area suitable as snail habitats e.g.
◦
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◦
◦
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Identify the high risk wet areas!
Fencing off wet areas
Drainage
Repairs to water leaks / broken troughs
Quarantine purchased stock and treat
Grazing management – either avoid grazing wet
areas or graze wet areas where snails are likely to
be present in early summer.
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Consult your Vet
Use the right flukicide for the right stage of liver fluke
If high risk use triclabendazole (Fasinex) in the
autumn – kills mature and immature fluke
No residual effect
Manage stock to avoid re-infection – graze dry areas
Avoid unnecessary use of combination products
Treat effectively (weigh/dosing gun/technique)
Treat ewes in spring to remove adult fluke and reduce
contamination of pasture
1
Triclabendazole
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
90-99%
9
10
11
12
13
99%
Closantel
Nitroxynil
50-90%
91-99%
50-90%
91-99%
Albendazole
50-70%
80-99%
Oxyclosanide
50-70%
80-99%
1
2
3
14
4
5
6
7
8
9
Age of Fluke (weeks)
10
11
12
13
14
Adult
s
 Can lead to high economic losses in infected
flocks
 Form of allergic dermatitis
 Mainly a winter disease
 Signs: restless, rubbing against
posts, soiled stained wool
 Severe cases – bleeding wounds
 Leads to loss of condition, secondary infections,
hypothermia, death
 Treatment: either Dip or inject with
Moxidectin/doramectin or Ivermectin product
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Affects 80% of flocks each year
Fly attracted to wounds of soiled fleece
Each female fly lays 250 eggs, hatch in 12 hours
Signs:
◦ Patch of discoloured wool
◦ Agitated
Risk period – May to September
Prevention/ Treatment
◦ Dip
◦ Pour – on
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Lameness can cause long term pain and
increase production and treatment costs
Main issues identified in NI sheep flocks
include scald, Shelly hoof, Foot rot
(covered in vet night)
Lameness is impossible to
eliminate but can be controlled
Regular foot inspection
important
Routine foot trimming not necessary,
can cause more harm than good
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Correct diagnosis and early treatment improves
the chances of success
Rough or dirty handling pens can cause hoof
damage and spread infections
Always record or mark treated animals. If
lameness persists, repeat treatment after 14
days
If third treatment is required consider culling
Seek vet advice if necessary
Forms of treatments
 Antibiotic sprays
 Long acting antibiotic injections
 Foot bathing – Zinc sulphate,
copper sulphate (blue stone),
Formalin, commercial solutions
Administration Of Medicines
Routes of Administration:
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Injection
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Intramammary: tubes for mastitis
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Topical: Pour-on, Spraying, Dipping
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Oral: Dosing, Bolus, In feed
 Subcutaneous – Under the skin
 Intramuscular – Into the muscle
 Intravenous (vet) – into the vein
Storage and Use
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Locked medicine cabinet
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Sharps container
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Record book in cabinet
Recording Medicine Usage
Veterinary Medicine Record Book:
 Legal requirement
 Need to be kept for at least 5 years following
administration of medicine
 Failure to keep proper records can affect SFP and
result in a fine of up to £5,000.
What do I need to record?
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Name of the product
Batch number
ID of animals treated
Quantity given
Date(s) of administration
Withdrawal period
Name of person administering medicine
Reason for use
Dosage and administration
Sheep of all ages: 2 ml per
injection.
The vaccine should be
administered by
subcutaneous injection. In
adult breeding ewes the
yearly booster injections
should be given during the
pre-lambing period, 4-6
weeks before lambing
11/11/14
250 ml
Heptavac P
Plus
H176Y 12/15
A02
Andy Vet, 14 Practice
Road, Mallusk. BT36 4TY
0
days
Heptavac
P Plus
100
ewes
AF
0
200 H176Y
ml
A02
Andy
Vet
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Antibiotics are essential for the treatment of infectious diseases
in both animals and humans.
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Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria that are usually
sensitive to a type of antibiotic to become resistant to it.
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The more you use an antibiotic, the higher the risk that bacteria
will develop resistance to it.
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Why worry about it?
- Very few new antibiotics being developed.
- Important we use our existing antibiotics wisely to ensure these
life-saving medicines continue to stay effective for ourselves and
our animals.
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Important we use antibiotics in the right way:
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the right medicine
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at the right dose
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at the right time
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and for the right duration to slow down the
development of antibiotic resistance.
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http://www.dardni.gov.uk/responsible-use-of-antimicrobials-in-livestockleaflet.15.108_responsible_use_of_antimicrobials_in_livestock_leaflet_final_2.pdf