Preparing for the HSAP English II Information

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts Reading: Building Vocabulary Writing: Developing Written Communications Researching: Applying the Skills of Inquiry and Oral Communication

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Sample Question

Passionate Shepherd To His Love Christopher Marlowe

Come live with me and be my Love, And we will all the pleasures prove, That hills and valleys, dales and field, Or woods or steepy mountain yields.

What conclusion can be drawn from the poem based on the essential information in the passage?

A) The shepherd is rather old and near death. And we will sit upon the rocks And see the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers, to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals.

B) The shepherd will move into a finer home and make that home a place of his dreams. And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a kirtle Embroider`d all with leaves of myrtle.

C) The shepherd has tried once before, unsuccessfully, to get his Love to come live with him. D) The shepherd will spare no expense and will go to any extreme in order to please his Love. A gown made of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lambs we pull, Fair lined slippers for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold. e trem to es y ex nc re ." to an efe vory d "i go y r d b d will ste er," an

D

ge e an ilv ug "s

ct

pens s s e i ld,"

Corre

no ex ov "go L es," re is e h spa as ros d of ill le erd w o p "be er t heph ord s in The

• • • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Analogy:

This is a comparison based on a similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar.

Allegory:

This is a story with two or more levels of meaning--a literal level and a symbolic level--in which events, setting, and characters are symbols for ideas or qualities. Antagonist: This is the person or force that creates conflict for the main character in a literary work.

Alliteration:

This is the repetition of initial consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.

Allusion:

This is the reference to a person, place, or event from history, literature, or religion with which a reader is likely to be familiar.

Aside:

This is a short speech delivered by an actor in a play which expresses the actor's thoughts. It is usually directed to the audience and not heard by other actors.

Audience:

This is whoever will be reading or listening to a piece of work/speech.

Analyze:

This is to separate a whole into its parts.

Antagonist:

This is the person or force that creates conflict for the main character in a literary work.

Author\'s Purpose:

This is the reason for creating written work.

Accuracy of Sources:

This includes direct relation to the topic, currency of information, author's expertise, reputation of publication, and inclusion of supporting information.

• • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Character:

This is an individual's mental or moral quality •

Dramatic Irony:

readers know something that the characters do not know.

This is when the audience or the

Characters:

These are the people or animals who take part in a literary work.

•

Dialect:

This is a form of language that is characteristic of a particular place or by a particular group of people.

Consumer:

This is the customer who purchases goods and services, not for resale, but for his or her own use.

•

Cause And Effect:

This is the relationship between two or more events in which one event brings about another.

Conclusion:

This wraps up a piece of writing and reminds readers of the thesis.

Conflict:

This is the main problem in a literary work.

Describing Words:

Adjectives and adverbs may be expressed in three ways to show comparisons. The first is the positive degree which describes one thing. Next is the comparative degree which is used when comparing two things. This is formed by adding "-er" to the word or by adding "more" before the word. The third degree is the superlative degree which is used to compare three or more things. This is formed by adding "-est" to the word or by using "most" in front of the word. Some words are irregular and do not follow these rules Falling Action: This is the part of the plot where the conflict begins to be worked out and tensions lessen.

Characterization:

This is the combination of ways that an author shows readers what a person in a literary selection is like.

•

Climax:

This is the part of the plot where the conflict and tension reach a peak. • •

Central Message:

story, novel, poem, or drama that readers can apply to life.

This is the theme of a

Dynamic Character:

This is a person in a fictional work that changes during the course of the action.

Detail:

information used to support the main idea

Diction:

(See) Word Choice

• • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Expository Text:

This is a mode of writing whose purpose is to convey information or to explain and establish the validity of an idea in a logical, clear, and concrete manner.

• •

Essay:

This is a short, nonfiction work about a particular subject.

•

Extended Metaphor:

This is a sustained comparison in which a subject is written or spoken of as if it were something else.

•

Evidence:

This is information that supports a generalization.

•

Euphemism:

This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive.

•

Fiction:

This is writing that tells about imaginary characters and events.

Flashback:

This is a scene, a conversation, or an event that interrupts the present action to show something that happened in the past.

First Person:

This is a point of view where the narrator is a character in the story and refers to him or herself with I.

Figurative Language:

literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings.

This goes beyond the

Foreshadowing:

This is the use of hints in written works about what will happen later.

Flat Character

: This is a person in a fictional work that is never fully developed by the author.

External Conflict:

a problem with another character, nature, society, or fate.

This is when a character has • •

Evaluate:

This is placing a value or rank on a piece of writing or speaking.

•

Exposition:

This is the part of the plot that introduces the characters, the setting, and the basic situation.

Genre:

This is the category or type of literature.

Generalization:

This is forming a broad concept based on specific instances. Inductive reasoning

Hyperbole:

This is extreme exaggeration used in a literary work.

• • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Idiom:

This is a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meanings.

•

Irony:

This is the contrast between appearance and reality or what is expected and what actually happens.

Implied Meaning:

This is a suggested, but not stated, definition.

Inform:

This is to give information •

Interpretation:

This is the explanation of the significance or meaning of a work.

•

Internal Conflict:

This is when a character has a problem within him or herself.

Infer:

to figure out what is being implied by reading between the lines. This is to get a conclusion from the facts or context; •

Imagery:

This uses sensory images to help readers to picture a person, a place, or an event. This is the use of language that appeals to the five senses--touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight.

Inference:

you read.

This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what

Logic:

This is the reasoning used to reach a conclusion based on a set of assumptions, or it may be defined as the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference.

Literary Elements:

These are the components used together to create a fictional piece of writing.

Literary Device:

strategy to enhance an author's style A type of tool or

Limited Third Person:

This is a point of view where the narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of only one person.

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

• • • • • • • • • •

Memoir:

This is an account of the personal experiences of an author.

Myth:

This is a traditional tale about gods, goddesses, heroes, and other characters.

Mood:

This is the feeling that an author wants readers to have while reading.

Metaphor:

This is a direct comparison of two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as."

Opinion:

This is a statement that reflects a writer's belief about a topic , and it cannot be proved.

Oxymoron:

This is something which seemingly cannot be, yet it is; a contradiction.

Outcome:

This is how a problem is solved or what happens at the end of a story.

Organization:

In writing, this is the trait of order, structure and presentation of information; It is the writing trait which measures logical sequencing of ideas, details, or events.

Onomatopoeia:

This is the use of words that sound like the noises they describe.

Omniscient Third Person

: This is a point of view where the narrator relates the inner thoughts and feelings of each character.

• • • • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Personification:

This is a type of figurative language in which human qualities are given to nonhuman things.

Parody:

This is a humorous imitation of a literary work that exaggerates or distorts the characteristic features of the original.

Protagonist:

This is the main character in a literary work.

Plot:

This is the series of events that happen in a literary work.

Predict:

This is to declare or say in advance.

Persuade:

This is to convince.

Point Of View:

This is the perspective from which a story is told.

Purpose

: This is an author's intention, reason, or drive for writing the piece.

Problem-Solution:

This method of structuring text focuses on defining an issue, then gives a possible remedy for the issue.

Paradox:

This is a statement that leads to a contradictory situation in which something seems both true and false.

Public:

A ________ document is one that is available freely in the media, or which can be requested from a government or other agency.

• • • •

Resolution:

This is the part of the plot where the conflict is ended.

Rising Action:

the part of the plot where the conflict and suspense build.

This is

Relevant:

situation.

This is an adjective that implies a thing closely relates to or is on the same subject matter; appropriate to the

Round Character:

is a person in a fictional work that is well This developed by the author.

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

Satire:

them. This is writing that uses humor to ridicule or criticize individuals, ideas, or institutions in hopes of improving

Subplot:

This is a secondary plot in a work of literature that either explains or helps to develop the main plot.

Source:

A person, book, document, website or record that provides information.

Situational Irony:

This is when something happens that is the opposite of what was expected.

Symbolism:

This is the use of objects or ideas that represent something other than themselves.

Sound Devices:

These are the sounds of words that poets use to enrich their poetry. Symbol: This is a person, place, thing, or event that represents something more than itself in a literary work.

Static Character:

This is a person in a fictional work that does not change during the course of the action.

Setting:

This is the time and place in which a literary work happens. Satire: This is writing that uses humor to ridicule or criticize individuals, ideas, or institutions in hopes of improving them.

Simile:

This is a comparison of two unlike things using the terms "like" or "as".

Soliloquy

: This is a long speech expressing the thoughts of a character who is alone on the stage.

Style:

This is the way an author expresses ideas through the use of kinds of words, literary devices, and sentence structure.

Sensory Details:

senses.

These are images help the reader see or hear or feel things. These are details that appeal to the

Supporting Evidence:

These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis.

Reading: Understanding and Using Literary Texts

• • • • • •

Text:

This is the main body of a piece of writing or any of the various forms in which writing exists, such as a book, a poem, an article, or a short story.

Tone:

This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character.

Theme:

This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work.

Universal Theme:

This is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people.

Verbal Irony:

This is when someone says the opposite of what he or she really means.

Word Choice:

This is another way of saying "diction." This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing.

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

Sample Question Almost all the surrounding towns have started curbside recycling programs. That is why I propose that our town adopt a similar program.

Which propaganda technique is used in this speech?

A) transfer B) bandwagon C) name-calling D) glittering generalities

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in te ny on uth sid ma e th ag e a urb at am dw d c th

B

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Corre

e s f th or oin e e av o re d le uth f th s h mp a e a e o wn le xa op e th lin g to pe n e rst us in a ca nd is e fi is be rrou In th Th su all st mo "Al

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

• • • • • • • • • • •

Author\'s Purpose:

This is the reason for creating written work.

Accuracy of Sources:

This includes direct relation to the topic, currency of information, author's expertise, reputation of publication, and inclusion of supporting information.

Afterward:

This is a short conclusion to a book usually written by someone other than the author.

Argumentation:

opinions.

This is the kind of writing that tries to persuade readers to accept an author's

Argument:

This involves one or more reasons presented by a speaker or a writer to lead the audience or reader to a logical conclusion.

Bold Print:

This is done to part of a text to makes it stand out as a darker, sharper image. It is an organizational feature to locate specific information.

Bias:

This is a prejudice that is leaning toward a positive or negative judgment on something; a personal judgment or opinion about a particular person, position, or thing.

Bibliography:

This is a list of written works or other sources on a particular subject.

Bandwagon:

This is a persuasive technique in which the speaker tries to convince his audience that a product is good because "everyone" is buying it.

Bibliographic Reference:

This is a note or citation to a publication, book or article, etc.

Believability:

This is the ability to trust something as true or credible.

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

Caption:

This is the explanation that goes with a picture or illustration.

Consumer:

own use.

This is the customer who purchases goods and services, not for resale, but for his or her

Central Message:

This is the theme of a story, novel, poem, or drama that readers can apply to life.

Constructed Response:

This is a type of writing assignment given on the HSAP test that requires students to "build" or respond to a reading passage. The response must give specific and relevant examples from the passage. This type of writing uses a 3-point scoring rubric.

Central Idea:

The key point made in a written passage; the chief topic.

Central Argument:

This is the dominant and controlling argument.

Cause And Effect:

another.

This is the relationship between two or more events in which one event brings about

Contrast:

This is a method of relating how two or more elements or texts are DIFFERENT.

Compare And Contrast:

This is a method of relating two or more objects in a piece of work.

Chronological Order:

This is the arrangement of events in the order in which they occur.

Compare And Contrast:

This is a method of relating two or more objects in a piece of work.

Directions:

These are the instructions that tell how to do something.

• • • • • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

Editorial:

This is an article in a publication or a commentary on television or radio expressing the opinion of its editors, publishers, station, or network.

Expository Text:

This is a mode of writing whose purpose is to convey information or to explain and establish the validity of an idea in a logical, clear, and concrete manner.

Experience:

itself.

This is the name for what is gathered through the general process of living, or for the process

Evidence:

This is information that supports a generalization.

Emotional Appeal:

This is a type of persuasive technique in which writers or speakers appeal to fear, anger, or joy to sway their audience.

Environmental Print:

street signs.

Text and other graphic symbols that are part of the physical environment, such as

Functional Text:

manuals. This is writing or text that is used in everyday life such, as signs, directions, letters, and

Faulty Cause and Effect:

This propaganda technique suggests that because B follows A, A must cause B. Remember, just because two events or two sets of data are related does not necessarily mean that one caused the other to happen. It is important to evaluate data carefully before jumping to a wrong conclusion.

Forward:

This is a short, separated introduction to a book usually written by the author.

False Analogy Technique:

This is a propaganda technique in which two things that may or may not really be similar are portrayed as being similar. When examining the comparison, you must ask yourself how similar the items are. Usually there is simply not enough evidence available to support the comparison.

• • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

•

Introduction:

This is the beginning of a written work that explains what will be found in the main part.

Graph:

Write •

Infer:

This is to get a conclusion from the facts or context; to figure out what is being implied by reading between the lines.

Graphic Source:

A visual piece of information

Generalization

reasoning : This is forming a broad concept based on specific instances. Inductive

Glossary:

This is a list found in the back of a book that gives definitions of unusual or hard words found in the text.

• • •

Illustration:

A drawing, painting, photograph or other visual representation made for explaining information or furthering understanding of an idea.

Index:

This is an alphabetical list of items contained in a printed work. It is located in the back of the printed work and gives page numbers where items may be found in the work. An alphabetical listing of names and topics along with the page numbers where the topics or names are discussed.

Informational Text:

This is a type of real-world writing that presents information that is necessary or valuable to the reader.

Graphic Organizer:

This is a pictorial way of representing knowledge. It is used to help organize ideas and present information.

• •

Implicit Directions:

within a passage.

Directions that are clearly stated step-by-step •

Inform:

To give information

Italics:

These should be used in lieu of underlining. Do this to most titles of printed material and names of airplanes, trains & automobiles.

Heading:

text.

This is a title or subtitle at the beginning of a chapter, section, or unit of a •

Internal Conflict:

This is when a character has a problem within.

•

Inference:

This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read.

• • • • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

Logic:

This is the reasoning used to reach a conclusion based on a set of assumptions, or it may be defined as the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference.

Layout:

This is the physical arrangement of a text and graphics on a page; and includes such elements as the ratio between graphics and text, the fonts and font sizes used, and the placement of text and graphics in relation to white spaces.

Loaded Language:

associations.

These are words that have strong emotional

Main Idea:

This is the central and most important idea of a reading passage.

Nonfiction:

This is factual writing that presents and explains ideas or that tells about real people, places, objects, or events. This is prose written with the primary purpose of explaining, arguing, or describing in an objective, straightforward manner. It includes such genres as 'biography' and 'autobiography'.

Name Calling:

This propaganda technique consists of attaching a negative label to a person or a thing. People engage in this type of behavior when they are trying to avoid supporting their own opinion with facts. Rather than explain what they believe in, they prefer to try to tear their opponent down.

Non-print Information:

than written materials.

This can be found in resources other • • •

Opinion:

proved.

This is a statement that reflects a writer's belief about a topic , and it cannot be

Order of Importance:

This is used when details are organized by degree of impact.

Organization:

In writing, this is the trait of order, structure and presentation of information; It is the writing trait which measures logical sequencing of ideas, details, or events.

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

• • • • • • • • • •

Plain Folks Technique:

us to support someone or something. These ads depict people with ordinary looks doing ordinary activities.

This is a propaganda technique that uses a folksy approach to convince

Predict:

To declare or say in advance

Persuasive Techniques:

These are techniques used to convince. They include repetition, sentence variety, understatement, and overstatement.

Propaganda:

This is information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause.

Prediction:

This is the act of forecasting something that may (or may not) occur later.

Persuasive Technique:

These are techniques used to convince. They include repetition, sentence variety, understatement, and overstatement.

Primary Source:

This is an original document or firsthand account.

Presentation:

This is a prepared performance, report, or demonstration for an audience.

Public:

A ________ document is one that is available freely in the media, or which can be requested from a government or other agency.

Preface:

This is a short introduction to a novel, play, or long poem usually written by the author. It states the subject and/or purpose of the selection and gives background details.

• • • • •

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

Research:

This is the process of gathering, evaluating, and organizing information.

• •

Secondary Source:

firsthand account.

This is a commentary on an original document or

Skimming:

a text.

This is reading or glancing quickly or superficially through

Repetition:

This is a persuasive technique in which a word, phrase, or entire sentence is repeated to reinforce the speaker's message.

• •

Spatial Order:

This is used when details are organized from one location to another.

Support:

to strengthen or substantiate an argument or idea by providing facts, details, examples and other information

Reflective Writing:

thoughtful insights.

This type of writing style is characterized by deep,

Relevant:

situation.

This is an adjective that implies a thing closely relates to or is on the same subject matter; appropriate to the • •

Reference:

source used to find information. This is a • • •

Supporting Evidence:

These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis.

Scanning:

This is examining or reading quickly and selectively for a PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Side Bar:

This is a short piece of informative or descriptive material found next to a larger piece of writing, usually it is found in a box next to the main article.

Snob Appeal:

This is a propaganda technique used to make a person desire to be a part of an elite, upper group and not part of the masses.

Stereotype:

These are simplified images that narrowly define certain groups of people

Reading: Understanding and Using Informational Texts

• • • • • • • • •

Transition:

writing.

These are words, phrases or sentences that relate by linking larger segments of

Transitional Devices:

together smoothly.

These are connecting words used to link your sentences and paragraphs

Transfer:

This is a propaganda technique that is an attempt to move the prestige of a positive symbol to a person or an idea.

Testimonial:

This is a persuasive technique in which someone will testify that he used or bought an advertised product which did indeed help, so it will work for the reader or audience, too.

Technical Writing:

This is writing that communicates specific information about a particular subject, craft, or occupation.

Thesis:

In expository writing, this is the main point or central idea that a writer states and then endeavors to prove valid by means of a systematic argument.

Thesis Statement:

This is the way in which the main idea of a literary work is expressed, usually as a generalization that is supported with concrete evidence.

Text Features:

organize pages. They help readers navigate the information and make predictions about what will be read. These are common parts of nonfiction texts and are often used to design and

Table:

A diagram made to visually organize data in rows and columns.

Short Answer Question

16. Which type of point of View do you enjoy reading and why?

• Writer writes from a personal perspective using “I’ and “me.” -

first person

• The narrator is outside of the story and reveals the thoughts feelings and observations of all of the characters and events in the story.

– omniscient

• The narrator is outside of the story and reveals the thoughts feelings and observations of only one character.

– third-person limited

Reading: Building Vocabulary

Sample Question

A 19th century bacteriologist convinced the dental profession that natural-hair toothbrushes eventually accumulated microscopic bacterial and fungal growth.

What is the meaning of the root cent in the word

century as used in this sentence from the passage?

A) ten B) one C) year D) one hundred

. ndred .

rs e hu yea on D is

t

undred t t

cen

Correc roo one h the is ng of entury eani A c m The

• • • • • •

Reading: Building Vocabulary

•

Affix:

This is a syllable or word element that can only occur in front of a root or stem, or at the end of a root or stem.

• •

Ambiguity: This

is the state of having more than one possible meaning which often leads to misunderstanding because the meaning is not clear.

• •

Analyze:

This is to separate a whole into its parts.

•

Antonym:

This is a word or phrase that means the opposite of another word or phrase.

•

Analogy:

dissimilar. This is a comparison based on a similarity between things that are otherwise •

Base Word:

This is a word to which affixes may be added to create related words, as 'group' in 'regroup' or 'grouping'.

• •

Connotation:

This is the emotional feelings and associations that go beyond the dictionary definition of a word.

Concise Wording:

writing. This is the author's use of brevity when

Clarify:

Reading and writing both involve the mental processing of information which must be clarified and used in ways to make this information understandable.

Context:

This is the framework of meaning which surrounds a specific word, sentence, idea, or passage.

Context Clues:

These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word.

Context Analysis:

This is a method of breaking down the meaning of a word (or phrase) by working with the text or passage in which the word is used.

Dictionary:

etymology.

This is a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words, with information given for each word, usually including meaning, pronunciation, and

Derivation:

This is the formation of a word made from an earlier word or from a root.

Decode:

This is when we analyze a spoken or written word to discover its pronunciation or meaning.

Denotation:

This is the dictionary definition of a word.

• • • • • • •

Reading: Building Vocabulary

Evaluate:

This is placing a value or rank on a piece of writing or speaking.

Euphuism

: This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive.

• •

Etymology:

This is the origin and history of a word which shows the language or languages from which it is borrowed.

•

Figurative Language:

This goes beyond the literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings.

• •

Foreign Words:

are borrowed directly from other languages. These used in English •

Glossary:

This is a list found in the back of a book that gives definitions of unusual or hard words found in the text.

•

General Dictionary:

This is a common reference book of words in alphabetical order including information about their meanings, pronunciation, and forms.

•

Homophones:

pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

These are words that are

Infer:

This is to get a conclusion from the facts or context; to figure out what is being implied by reading between the lines.

Inference:

This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read.

Idiom:

This is a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meanings.

Implied Meaning:

stated, definition.

This is a suggested, but not

Literal Meaning:

This is the ordinary, usual, or exact meaning of words, phrases, or passages. No figurative language or interpretation is involved.

Literal Understanding:

This is the act of taking or perceiving something according to the usual, ordinary or surface meaning.

Literature:

This is the body of written works that includes prose and poetry.

• • • • • • •

Reading: Building Vocabulary

Multiple-meaning Words:

is used in a sentence.

These are words that have more than one definition. The meaning of the word is determined by how it

Metaphor:

This is a direct comparison of two things, in which they are said to be (in some sense) the same thing.

Nuance:

A subtle difference in meaning.

Purpose:

This is an author's intention, reason, or drive for writing the piece.

Pronunciation:

This is the way a word or language sounds when spoken.

Prefix:

This can be added to the beginning of a word to change the word's meaning.

Precise Vocabulary:

This is a writing skill which assures that students choose words that exactly and accurately describe or reflect the writer's meaning.

• • •

Root Word:

This is a word related in origin, as certain words in genetically related languages descended from the same ancestral word. It is also the part of the word after all affixes have been removed.

Root Word:

This is a word related in origin, as certain words in genetically related languages descended from the same ancestral word. It is also the part of the word after all affixes have been removed.

Related Words:

These are words built on the same root word.

Reading: Building Vocabulary

•

Simile:

This is a comparison of two unlike things using the terms "like" or "as".

•

Speech:

This is a talk or public address.

•

Syntax:

This refers to the ordering of elements in a sentence.

•

Stem:

This is the part of a word to which we attach an affix (prefix or suffix). •

Synonym:

This is a word or phrase that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word or phrase.

•

Suffix:

This can be added to the end of a word to change the word's meaning.

•

Strategy:

This is any kind of mental action used by a student to comprehend and make meaning out of a reading text.

•

Standard American English:

This is the version of the English language that is regarded as the model in America for writers and speakers who are considered educated.

•

Specialized Dictionary:

information about them.

This is a book listing words or other linguistic items in a particular category or subject with specialized • • • • • • • • •

Theme:

This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work.

Thesaurus:

This is a book of synonyms.

Terminology:

This is the special or technical vocabulary used in specific subjects or areas.

Universal Theme:

people. This is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all

Usage:

This is the way words and phrases are utilized correctly in written or spoken language.

Vocabulary:

All the words in a language; the words used for a specific content or task. Synonym: lexicon.

Word recognition:

This is the ability to analyze and interpret the graphic symbols for words. This includes understanding as well as pronunciation.

Word Choice:

style of writing.

This is another way of saying "diction." This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his

Word Origin:

This tells when and how a word originated and developed into modern English.

Writing: Developing Written Communications

Sample Question

Asteroids http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_Solar_System/Asteroid_belt

1 The first asteroids were named after mythical heroes and gods much like the major planets. The first to be discovered

(1)

named Ceres after the Roman goddess of growing plants (particularly grain) and of motherly love. The second asteroid discovered was called Pallas named after one of the Greek gods of wisdom. Asteroids are also given a number in the order of their discovery, so Ceres is 1, Pallas is 2, and so forth. As the number of known asteroids increased, the supply of mythical names

(2)

so names from other sources were used.

Look at the blank with the number (2) in the passage. Which of these answers correctly completes the sentence?

A) was exhausted, B) were exhausted, C) was exhausting, D ) were exhausting, e.

ns t te as d p ire qu e re th ys d, lo mp

A

ste e

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Corre

up "s ct je ub e s th ith s w ree ag

• • • • • • • • • •

Writing: Developing Written Communications

Conventions:

In writing, this is the trait to measure standard writing and the editing processes of spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization, and paraphrasing.

Describe:

This is to tell all about.

Dangling Modifiers:

These are words or phrases that do not modify ANY word in the sentence.

Edit:

This is to correct and/or revise a piece of writing.

Explain:

This is to tell how, what, when, where, etc.

Fluency:

This is the ability to speak, read, or write a language; automatic word recognition, decoding, and checking for meaning.

Grammar:

This is the structure of language and the rules that go with it.

Misplaced Modifier:

This a word or word group that sounds unclear because it seems to describe the wrong word.

•

Modifiers:

These are words or phrases that make the intended meaning more specific.

• • • •

Prewriting:

This the first stage in the writing process, used to focus ideas and find good topics.

Persona:

This is a speaker created by a writer, not necessarily the writer. It can simply be the narrator. It involves the characteristic speech and thought patterns of a speaker.

Punctuation:

This is the system of standardized marks in written language to clarify meaning.

Precise Vocabulary:

This is a writing skill which assures that students choose words that exactly and accurately describe or reflect the writer's meaning.

Proofread:

This is the process of making marks on a written document to correct errors.

Organization:

In writing, this is the trait of order, structure and presentation of information; It is the writing trait which measures logical sequencing of ideas, details, or events.

Writing: Developing Written Communications

• • • • •

Relevant:

This is an adjective that implies a thing closely relates to or is on the same subject matter; appropriate to the situation.

Revise:

This is to make changes to a piece of written work based on comments or new evidence.

Revision:

These are changes made to a draft to improve its focus, content or organization.

Sentence Variety:

This is a writing skill which assures that students write sentences that differ in structure and length. It can be a persuasive technique.

Standard American English:

This is the version of the English language that is regarded as the model in America for writers and speakers who are considered educated.

• •

Voice:

(1) This describes whether transitive verbs have the subject performing the action, or receiving the action. (2) This involves the author's unique way of communicating-of being heard. It is associated with the basic vision of the writer and reveals the individual quality that makes the author's writing her own.

Word Choice:

This is another way of saying "diction." This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing.

Researching: Applying the Skills of Inquiry and Oral Communication

Sample Question

Pet Dangers Carole Jenkins

Everyone knows that a home should be "child-proof" to protect young babies and toddlers from illness and injury. (2) Pets are also in danger from many common household sources which many people don't realize. (3) Pets can chew and swallow seemingly safe things, resulting in disaster.

(4) It may seem perfectly harmless to toss a pet a grape or a raisin as a treat, but these can be very deadly. (5) Although the exact cause is not known, gastrointestinal problems result after a pet ingests grapes or raisins. (6) Kidney failure frequently occurs.

(7) Flowering plants, when eaten by pets, can also be lethal. (8) Lilies are especially toxic to cats by causing kidney failure. (9) Azaleas and rhododendrons can lead to serious problems for dogs. (10) Vomiting, diarrhea, and central nervous system problems can result.

(11) Small amounts of Xylitol, an artificial sweetener used in sugar-free candy, chewing gum, cookies, and other baked goods, can cause low blood sugar and liver damage in dogs. (12) It doesn't take much of this stuff to cause serious problems.

(13) There are many other common household items that are hazardous to pets. (14) All pet owners should educate themselves about these items and the effects that they have on pets. (15)Every effort should be made to "pet-proof" homes to provide safe and healthy environment for pets.

Where would this article MOST LIKELY be published?

A) in a book about poison control B) in a book about training household pets C) in a magazine about pet protection in the home D) n a magazine about protecting children from poisoned animals se .

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• • • • • • • • •

Research Accuracy of Sources:

This includes direct relation to the topic, currency of information, author's expertise, reputation of publication, and inclusion of supporting information.

Almanac:

This is a magazine or book that contains weather forecasts, statistics, or other information of use or interest to readers.

Audience:

This is whoever will be reading or listening to a piece of work/speech

Analyze:

parts.

This is to separate a whole into its

Annotation:

This is the addition of explanatory notes to a text by the author or editor, often to explain or cite sources.

Author\'s Purpose:

creating written work.

This is the reason for

Atlas:

This is a book of maps.

Argument:

The logical, systematic presentation of reasoning and supporting evidence that proves the validity of a statement or position.

Affix:

This is a syllable or word element that can only occur in front root or stem.

of a root or stem, or at the end of a •

Bias:

This is a prejudice that is leaning toward a positive or negative judgment on something; a personal judgment or opinion about a particular person, position, or thing.

•

Base Word:

This is a word to which affixes may be added to create related words, as 'group' in 'regroup' or 'grouping'.

•

Bibliography:

This is a list of written works or other sources on a particular subject.

•

Bibliographic Reference:

This is a note or citation to a publication, book or article, etc.

Research

•

Critique:

This is a written or spoken evaluation of what is and is not effective in a literary work.

• •

Concluding Sentence:

This is the statement which brings a paragraph to a close by restating the main idea. • •

Concise Wording:

when writing. This is the author's use of brevity • • •

Citation:

This is the notation of a source used for a paper.

•

Caption:

This is the explanation that goes with a picture or illustration.

Chronological Order:

This is the arrangement of events in the order in which they occur • • •

Cognate: Context:

These are words that have a common origin. This is the framework of meaning which surrounds a specific word, sentence, idea, or passage. • •

Cause And Effect:

This is the relationship between two or more events in which one event brings about another.

• •

Context Clues:

These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word.

•

Compare And Contrast:

This is a method of relating two or more objects in a piece of work.

Derivation:

word made from an earlier word or from a root.

This is the formation of a

Dictionary:

This is a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words, with information given for each word, usually including meaning, pronunciation, and etymology.

Decode:

This is when we analyze a spoken or written word to discover its pronunciation or meaning.

End Note: This is reference, explanation, or comment often placed below the text on a page or at the end of the text.

Footnote:

This is a reference, explanation, or comment placed below the text on a printed page.

Foreign Words:

are borrowed directly from other languages. These used in English

• • • •

Research General Dictionary:

This is a common reference book of words in alphabetical order including information about their meanings, pronunciation, and forms.

Graphic Organizer:

This is a pictorial way of representing knowledge. It is used to help organize ideas and present information.

Hypothesis:

show.

This is a term used in research and is a statement of what you anticipate your research will

Heading:

text.

This is a title or subtitle at the beginning of a chapter, section, or unit of a • • • • • • • • • •

Implicit Directions:

Directions that are clearly stated step-by step within a passage.

Index:

This is an alphabetical list of items contained in a printed work. It is located in the back of the printed work and gives page numbers where items may be found in the work.

Informational Text:

This is a type of real-world writing that presents information that is necessary or valuable to the reader.

Inference:

This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read.

Implicit Directions:

Directions that are clearly stated step-by step within a passage.

Literal Understanding:

This is the act of taking or perceiving something according to the usual, ordinary or surface meaning.

Literature:

and poetry.

This is the body of written works that includes prose

Multiple Meaning Words:

one definition. The meaning of the word is determined by how it is used in a sentence.

These are words that have more than

Non print Information:

written materials.

This can be found in resources other than

Order of Importance:

degree of impact.

This is used when details are organized by

• • • • • • • •

Research Plagiarism:

This is the use of someone else's ideas or statements as if they were your own and without giving proper credit.

Prediction:

This is the act of forecasting something that may (or may not) occur later.

Purpose:

This is an author's intention, reason, or drive for writing the piece.

Precise Vocabulary:

which assures that students choose words that exactly and accurately describe or reflect the writer's meaning.

This is a writing skill

Parts of Speech:

classes into which words are commonly grouped according to their form, function or meaning.

These are the different

Presentation:

This is a prepared performance, report, or demonstration for an audience.

Primary Source:

This is an original document or firsthand account.

Point Of View:

This is the perspective from which a story is told.

• • • • • • • •

Reference:

information.

This is a source used to find

Research:

This is the process of gathering, evaluating, and organizing information.

Research Topic:

assignment.

This is a limited topic within a general topic that can be adequately covered within the length of a particular

Refine:

This is to make improvements to a piece of writing.

Relevant:

This is an adjective that implies a thing closely relates to or is on the same subject matter; appropriate to the situation.

Resource:

This is something that can be used for support or to help.

Related Words:

same root word.

These are words built on the

Root Word:

This is a word related in origin, as certain words in genetically related languages descended from the same ancestral word. It is also the part of the word after all affixes have been removed.

Research

• • • • • • • • • • •

Sequential Order:

This is the chronological, or time, order of events in a reading passage.

Spatial Order:

This is used when details are organized from one location to another.

Strategy:

This is any kind of mental action used by a student to comprehend and make meaning out of a reading text.

Structure:

This refers to a writer's arrangement or overall design of a literary work. It is the way words, sentences, and paragraphs are organized to create a complete work.

Speech:

This is a talk or public address.

Suffix:

This can be added to the end of a word to change the word's meaning.

Specialized Dictionary:

This is a book listing words or other linguistic items in a particular category or subject with specialized information about them.

Supporting Evidence:

These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis.

Structure:

This refers to a writer's arrangement or overall design of a literary work. It is the way words, sentences, and paragraphs are organized to create a complete work.

Synonym:

This is a word or phrase that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word or phrase.

Secondary Source:

This is a commentary on an original document or firsthand account.

• • • • • • • •

Research Thesis Statement

main idea of a literary work is expressed, usually as a generalization that is supported with concrete evidence.

: This is the way in which the

Transition:

These are words, phrases or sentences that relate by linking larger segments of writing.

Theme:

This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work.

Table Of Contents:

This is a section found at the beginning of a text that lists the topics and page numbers in the order in which they occur in the text.

Tone:

This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character.

Technical Writing:

This is writing that communicates specific information about a particular subject, craft, or occupation.

Transitional Devices:

These are connecting words used to link your sentences and paragraphs together smoothly.

Universal Theme:

story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people. This is the central message of a • • • • •

Vocabulary:

lexicon.

All the words in a language; the words used for a specific content or task. Synonym:

Voice:

action.

This describes whether transitive verbs have the subject performing the action, or receiving the

Word Recognition:

pronunciation.

This is the ability to analyze and interpret the graphic symbols for words. This includes understanding as well as

Word Choice:

This is another way of saying "diction." This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing.

Works Cited:

This is a list with author, title and publication details of the works (the books, articles, etc.) a researcher used to write a paper. This is an informational list at the end of a research paper to credit sources.