Emissions Inventory Overview–Part 1

Melinda Ronca-Battista, ITEP 1

Overview

   What is an Emissions Inventory and why do we need one?

◦ ◦ Part 1 ◦ Types of EIs Pollutants Sources Part 2 ◦ Quantifying emissions ◦ Types of data collected ◦ Reporting 2

What is an Emissions Inventory?

Listing of sources of estimated air pollutant emissions in geographic area during specific time period 3

Non-Point Sources (Area Sources) On-Road Mobile Sources

Based on EPA

What are Emission Sources?

Non-Road Mobile Sources Point Sources

4

How are EI data used?

      Air quality management tool ◦ Collect baseline data ◦ Develop & track emissions control and management strategies Regulations development Air quality modeling and assessment Permits ◦ Do you have facilities that need permits?

◦ Conditions (potential to emit) ◦ Fees Emissions trading Regulatory compliance 5

Inventory Steps

   Source identification ◦ Phonebook/windshield survey ◦ NEI data, previous EIs Planning!

◦ Inventory Preparation Plan (IPP) ◦ Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Collect data ◦ From sources, permits, questionnaires, etc.

6

Inventory Steps (cont.)

  Calculate and analyze data (TEISS, Excel, GIS, etc.) Report data and present results ◦ Internal: tribal council, community ◦ External: EPA project officer, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 7

Level of Detail

  Simple summary: Small reservation, few on-reservation sources ◦ Compiled from existing data sources ◦ Includes only large sources Comprehensive accounting: Large reservation, many and/or large sources ◦ Large on-reservation sources–permitting ◦ “ Problem ” emissions (agricultural burning, small industries, road dust, traffic emissions) 8

What are Emissions?

   Criteria Pollutants ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Particle matter: PM 10 Nitrogen oxides: NO x and PM 2.5

Sulfur dioxide: SO 2 Carbon monoxide: CO ◦ Lead: Pb Ozone precursors ◦ Ammonia: NH 3 ◦ Volatile Organic Compounds: VOCs HAPs (Air Toxics) ◦ 187 toxic, carcinogenic compounds without regulated standards 9

Criteria Pollutants

 What about Ozone?

◦ Ozone is not emitted directly by sources ◦ EIs inventory ozone precursors   VOCs NOx ◦  Both react with sunlight to form ozone.

NOx and VOCs get inventoried, but not ozone itself 10

HAPs (Air Toxics)

 ◦ ◦ 187 compounds listed in CAA including ◦ Mercury (power plants, coal-fired) ◦ Perchloroethylene (dry cleaning) ◦ Benzene (gasoline) Chloroform (chlorination plants, paper mills) Methyl Isocyanate (pesticide manufacturing) ◦  Release at Bhopal, India, killed 4,000 people The list goes on….

11

Types of Sources

   

Point sources = Stationary sources Area sources = Non-Point sources Mobile sources

◦

On-Road (cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses)

◦

Non-Road (trains, heavy equip.) Biogenic sources

12

What is a Point Source?

    Individual, stationary source releasing pollutants to atmosphere Quantities above emission threshold Emission thresholds vary according to type of pollutant and non-attainment area classification for criteria pollutants See Air Emission Reporting Requirement (AERR) for more detail 13

What is a Point Source? (cont.)

   AERR reporting thresholds are quite high. Compared to Potential to Emit.

Many states have lower thresholds Consider using state thresholds to define your reservation ’ s point sources ◦ Makes EI compatible with others in your area ◦ Get a more detailed listing of sources  Example: Busy gas station can be point source under state thresholds, but not EPA ’ s 14

Example: Point Source Thresholds

Pollutant

Lead (Pb) PM10

EPA ’ s AERR Reporting Thresholds

≥5 ton per year (tpy) ≥100 tpy

New Mexico Reporting Thresholds

>1 ton per year (tpy) >10 tpy PM2.5

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ≥100 tpy ≥100 tpy ≥1000 tpy ≥100 tpy >10 tpy >10 tpy >10 tpy >10 tpy 15

Point Source Characteristics

  Large, stationary sources ◦ Manufacturing or production plants ◦ Power plants, refineries ◦ Large, industrial facilities One point source facility can have emissions from ◦ Smoke stacks ◦ Units within directed to stacks ◦ Fugitive sources within plant 16

Point Sources (cont.)

17

Area (Non-Point) Sources  Stationary sources that emit ◦ Less than point source threshold ◦ ◦ Smaller emitters, but numerous Often have fugitive (uncontrollable) emissions  Tend to be sources like  Gasoline stations  Dry cleaners   Auto body/paint shops Unpaved roads 18

Other Area Sources

  Wildfires and prescribed burning ◦ E.g., agricultural field burning ◦ Now inventoried as EVENTS Other area source examples ◦ Residential wood combustion ◦ Residential combustion of household waste (backyard burning) 19

On-Road Mobile Sources

 Vehicles found on roads and highways (e.g., cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles) ◦ 20 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals quantified (Urban Air Toxics) ◦ Diesel particulate matter and diesel exhaust organic gases also quantified 20

Non-Road Mobile Sources

 Mobile sources not found on roads and highways (e.g., airplanes, trains, lawn mowers, construction vehicles, farm machinery)  2/4 stroke engines  aircraft  locomotives  commercial marine vessels  hobby engines 21

Non-Road Mobile Sources

 Note about aircraft ◦ ALL airports are now considered point sources in the NEI ◦ If you have airports on your reservation, check the most recent NEI data. Use it in your EI ◦ UNLESS you have more accurate data.

22

Biogenic Sources

   Naturally occurring emissions ◦ Vegetation: Trees, shrubs, grasses ◦ Microbial: Soil bacteria, termites EPA estimates these emissions on a county level for entire country… …so you don ’ t have to 23