TBI - UCMCROPS
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Transcript TBI - UCMCROPS
Cognitive and Social
Development
Differences in
Individuals with TBI
Alejandra Aguilar,
Jason Grossman,
Kent Hsieh,
& Joanne Wong
Introduction
Please give your attention to the tallest member of
our group
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)
Occur when an individual’s head hits an
object but that object does not break through
the skull.
Who is susceptible to a Traumatic Brain
Injury (TBI)?
-
Anyone, including
Babies
Children
Young adults
Parents
Students
Professionals
Athletes
Soldiers
What the studies show
Individuals who have sustained a TBI have to
work harder than individuals from the same
backgrounds (socioeconomic and educational)
than those who have not.
The studies showed how those who sustained
the injury scored lower on tests while
simultaneously requiring more time to do so.
Each year
2% of the population are effected
(Ouellet, & Morin, 2006)
Unlike broken bones or sprains a TBI remains
with the victim for the rest of their lives
Classification of TBI
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders labels TBI as an Axis III Disorder
An Axis III disorder is a General Medical
Condition
Long term issues
Social problem solving and community integration
(Rath, Hennessy, & Diller, 2003)
Performance decrements
Learning abilities
Work performance
Social interactions
Personal
Work
Educational
Causes of Injuries
Cognitive Development
Usually refers to how an individual thinks and
gains understanding based on his or her genetic
and learned factors.
Information processing, memory, reasoning, and
intelligence are usually gathered to measure
one’s cognitive development
Memory
Memory loss is one of the most common
cognitive side effects of traumatic brain injury
(TBI).
Even in mild TBI, memory loss is still very
common.
The more severe the victim's memory loss after
the TBI, the more significant the brain damage
will most likely be.
Memory (Continued)
At the current time, there is no treatment for
memory loss following TBI.
If the memory does not come back on its own, it
will be lost permanently.
There is a great deal of research in the field of
TBI and memory loss, but, unfortunately, there
are no cures for memory loss following TBI.
(Newsome et al., 2008)
Personality
Personality changes are a common effect of
traumatic brain injury, and are often cited by
family and friends as the most difficult effect to
deal with.
In some cases personality changes are short
term and resolve as the patient recovers,
whereas in other cases the personality changes
are permanent.
Personality (Continued)
Depression
Anxiety
Apathy
Irritability
Anger
Confusion
Agitation
Insomnia
Mood swings…etc
Treatment for Personality Changes
Most survivors of traumatic brain injury who
suffer from personality changes, emotional
problems, and problem behaviors will be treated
with a combination of psychotherapy and
medication.
(Rush, Malec, Brown, & Moessner et al.,2006)
Social Development
Social is the interaction between organisms.
Interpreting social cues
Thumbs up
High Five
These are different cross-culturally
Taking into consideration the needs of others and
maintaining interpersonal relationships
Interpreting Social Cues
TBI patients sometimes lose the ability to recognize facial
expression (Knox & Douglas, 2008).
Interaction is hampered through the limitations on the
individual (Long, McDonald, Tate, Togher, & Bornhofen, 2008) .
TBI can result in social isolation through->
Loss of self
Decreased self-esteem
Deceased self-efficacy
(Landau & Hissett, 2008)
Relationships
Loss of self
Decreased self-esteem
Deceased self-efficacy
Relationships are often broken because of the
three factors.
Through this series of events, depression is
common.
Recovery
Through a social support system, the impact of
TBI can be lessened. (Engberg & Teasdale,
1998 )
Social development recovery rates for children
are higher than for adults demonstrating a level
of plasticity (Hanten, et al., 2008).
However children with TBI still lack the social
skills of children without brain trauma.
Conclusion
• Studies on patients with TBI reveal differences in
cognitive and social development
Further Research
Longitudinal
Changes
Blame attribution
Association with
other psychiatric
disorders (Hart et
al., 2007)
Further Research (Continued)
Reasons for the
variety of
outcomes among
brain injury
patients (Drotar et
al., 2009)
TBI Patient’s Future
Regardless of TBI’s effects on people, studies
show that there is still hope for a small amount of
functional impairment to be actually caused by
brain injury.
References
Drotar, D., Fay, T.B., Stancin, T., Taylor, H.G.,Wade, S.L, & Yeates, K.O. (2009). Predicting longitudinal patterns
of functional deficits in children with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 3(1), 271–282.
doi:10.1037/a0014936
Engberg, A. & Teasdale, T.W. (1998). Traumatic brain injury in children in Denmark: A national 15-year study.
European Journal of Epidemiology, 14(1), 165-173.
Hanten, G., Wilde, E. A., Menefee, D.S., Li, X., Vasquez, C., Swank, P., Hunter, J.V., Lane, S., Chu, Z., Ramos,
M.A., Yallampalli, R., Chapman, S.B., Gamino, J., & Levin, H.S. (2008). Correlates of social problem
solving during the first year after traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology, 22(3), 357-370. doi:
10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.357
Hart, T., Hanks, R., Bogner, J., Millis, S., & Esselman, P. (2007). Blame attribution in intentional and
unintentional traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal changes and impact on subjective well-being.
Rehabilitation Psychology, 52(2), 152-161. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.152
Knox, L., & Douglas, J. (2009). Long-term ability to interpret facial expression after trauma brain trauma and its
relation to social integration. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 442-449. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.09.009
Landau, J., & Hissett, J. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury: Impact on identity and ambiguous loss in the family.
Families, Systems, & Health 26(1), 69-85. doi:10.1037/1091-7527.26.1.69
Long, E., McDonald, S., Tate, R., Togher, L., & Bornhofen, C. (2008). Assessing social skills in
people with very severe traumatic brain injury: Validity of the social performance survey
schedule (SPSS). Brain Impairment, 9(3), 274-281.
Newsome, M. R., Steinberg J. L., Scheibel, R. S., Troyanskaya, M., Chu, Z., Hanten, G., Lin, X.,
&Levin, H. S. (2008). Effects of traumatic brain injury on working memory-related brain
activation in adolescents. Neuropsychology, 22(4), 419-425. doi: 10.1037/08944105.22.4.419
Ouellet, M.C., & Morin, C.M. (2006). Following traumatic brain injury: Frequency, characteristics,
and associated factors. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51(2), 140-149. doi: 10.1037/00905550.51.2.140
Rath, J., Hennessy, J., & Diller, L. (2003). Social problem solving and community integration in
postacute rehabilitation outpatients with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology,
48(3), 137-144. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.48.3.137
Rush, B., Malec, J. F., Brown, A.W., & Moessner, A. M. (2006). Personality and functional
outcome following traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 51(3), 257-264. doi:
10.1037/0090-5550.51.3.257