Transcript Runway Incursion Avoidance - ppt

Federal Aviation
Administration
Runway Incursion
Avoidance
Presented to: DPEs and Flight Instructors>
By: FAASTeam
Date: February, 2013
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Administration
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Our Discussion Plan
• Problem Definition
– And Specifically, GA Statistics
• Possible Causes
• Approach to Fixing
– Refer to PTSs
– Use Scenarios
• Conclusions
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Runway Incursion
• Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving
the incorrect presence of an aircraft vehicle
or person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and take off of
aircraft”. (ICAO Doc 4444 - PANS-ATM)
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Runway Incursion Categories
• A - Serious Incident – Actual Collision or
Collision Narrowly Avoided
• B – Separation Decreases- Potential for
Collision
• C – Ample Time and/or Distance to Avoid
Collision
• D – Runway Incursion but No Immediate
Safety Consequence
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Runway Incursion Classifications
• Operational Incident (OI)
• Pilot Deviation (PD)
• Vehicle Pedestrian Deviation (V/PD)
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Preliminary Runway Incursions
FY 2012 Statistics
•Nationwide Totals:
• Pilot Deviation Totals: 723 RIs
• Pilot Deviations General Aviation: 588 (81.33%)
• Pilot Deviations (GA) by Category:
National
A
B
C
D
TOTAL
PD
3
4
187
394
588
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EXAMPLES OF PILOT DEVIATIONS
• Aircraft Crosses Runway Hold Short Lines Without
Clearance
• Aircraft Enters Runway During a Taxi Operation
• Aircraft Makes a Takeoff or Landing on the Wrong
Runway
• Aircraft Makes a Takeoff or landing Without
Clearance
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WHAT ARE THE CAUSES?
• Cockpit Distractions
• Misunderstandings
• Poor Communications
• Inadequate Cockpit Workload Management
(SOPs)
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HOW CAN DPEs and CFIs HELP?
• DPEs conscientiously test the material in Area of
Operation ll Task F. Runway Incursion Avoidance.
You are the Gatekeeper
• CFIs must provide comprehensive training on Runway
Incursion Avoidance emphasizing the Human Factors
that contribute to errors
• Special Attention for pilots who are trained and fly
at non towered airports
• Consider the use of “Scenarios” as Training and
Testing Tools
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PRIVATE & COMMERCIAL PILOT PTS
• Area of Operation ll: Preflight Procedures
• Task F: Runway Incursion Avoidance
• “To determine that the applicant exhibits
knowledge of the elements of Runway
Incursion Avoidance by…”
• 17 Elements that call for: “Exhibiting”,
“Utilizing”, “Knowing”, “Conducting”
How Do We Teach this?
How Do We Test?
Scenarios?
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Distinct Challenges and
Requirements During Taxi Ops
• Element 1 in Task F.
– Includes:
•
•
•
•
•
Vigilance
Communications
Compliance with ATC Instructions
Knowledge of Airport Layout
Taxi Route
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Procedures for Appropriate
Cockpit Activities During Taxi
• Element 2 in Task F.
– Includes:
•
•
•
•
•
Taxi Route Planning
Briefing Location of Hot Spots
Communicating and Coordinating With ATC
Heads Up During Taxi
Observing and Interpreting Airport Signs and Markings
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Planning Taxi Operations
• Study and Check
– Airport Diagram for Departure and Arrival Airports
of the Planned Flight
– NOTAMs, Ground and Air Frequencies
– Anticipate Taxi Route but Do Not Assume You will
Receive It
• Perform Cockpit Tasks Prior to Taxi
• Students should advise ATC “Student Pilot”
and/or Request Progressive Taxi Instructions
• Write Down Taxi Instructions
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TAXI PROCEDURES
• Maintain Awareness of your Position and
Limit of Taxi Instruction
– Stay FOCUSED!
– Know the Signs, Markings, and Airport Lighting
• Do not use Excessive Taxi Speed
• Heads Up and Listen
• Maintain Sterile Cockpit - Advise Passengers
and Co Pilots
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Communications
• Do Not Fly With Defective Radios
• Teach and Test proper Phraseology
• Read Back Instructions Using Call Sign –
Hold Short Instructions and Runway
Assignments
• Stay “In the Game”
– Use Caution for Similar Call Signs
– Beware of Answering for Another Aircraft
– Monitor ATC Communications With Other Aircraft
• If Unsure of a Communication, Obtain
Clarification
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Discuss Scenarios
• 3 Years of Category C RIs Data
–
–
–
–
–
For Airports with 2 or More RIs
Total of 282 Cat C RIs
46 at 4 CONUS Airports
Over 300 Towered CONUS Airports
1% of Airports Had 12% of Cat C RIs
• 4 Challenging Environments for Discussion
– ADS, DVT, NEW, PRC
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ADS: 7 Cat Cs in 3 Years
HS 1 thru 8: Twy A, J, H, G, F,
E, D, C and Rwy 15-33.
Holding Position Markings have
been moved back to the edge
of Twy A.
HS 9 Twy A and Rwy End 33.
Holding Position Markings have
been moved back to the edge
of Twy A prior to turn off
parallel twy.
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DVT: 18 Cat Cs in 3 Years
PHOENIX, AZ
PHOENIX DEER
VALLEY (DVT)
HS 1 Inadvertent Rwy
07R-25L crossings
from Twy B5.
HS 2 Inadvertent Rwy
07R-25L crossings
from Twy B9.
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NEW: 10 Cat Cs in 3 Years
HS 1 Twy F south of Rwy
09-27.
HS 2 Twy F at Apch end
Rwy 27.
HS 3 Twy B at Rwy 36L.
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PRC: 11 Cat Cs in 3HSYears
1 Not visible from the twr.
HS 2 Complex int.
HS 3 Complex int.
HS 4 Not visible from the twr.
HS 5 Frequent rwy crossings.
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What Have We Learned Together?
• These 4 Airports Have Demonstrable
Challenges
– Most Places We Go, Don’t
• What We Have Learned Here Can and
Should Be Applied
– Where Ever We Go
– When We Teach
– When We Evaluate
• Comments?
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In Conclusion
• Runway Incursion and Surface Incidents
Represent a Significant Threat to Aviation
Safety
• General Aviation Pilot Deviations Account for
the Greatest Percentage of Reported Events
• Human Factors are Frequently Cited in
Investigative Reports
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In Conclusion
• Many of the Errors Discovered Reveal
Deficiencies in Primary Flight Training and/or
Maintaining GA Pilot Currency and Proficiency
• The FAA is Asking for a Commitment From our
CFIs and DPEs to Improve the Training and
Testing Standards which will Reduce the
Potential for Accidents and Incidents
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Resources
• Private and Commercial Pilot Practical Test
Standards
• The Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
• The Airplane Flying Handbook
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Resources continued
• AC 91-73B Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot Flight
Schools Procedures During Taxi Operations
• AC150-5340-18 Standards For Airport Signs
Systems
• Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
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Resources continued
• For Pilot, Controller, and Vehicle Operator
airport surface operational resources to include
but not limited to best practices and animated
surface events go to >
– www.faa.gov/go/runwaysafety
• www.faasafety.gov
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BACK UPS
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Objective
• Using the Private and Commercial Pilot
Practical Test Standards as reference, the
objective of this presentation is to
familiarize DPEs and CFIs with runway
incursion data and to present and discuss
instructional and testing techniques
intended to improve general aviation pilot
performance and reduce future aviation
accidents and incidents.
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Planning Taxi Operations continued
• Perform Cockpit Tasks Prior to Taxi
• Students should advise ATC “Student Pilot”
and/or Request Progressive Taxi Instructions
• Write Down Taxi Instructions
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Administration
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TAXI PROCEDURES continued
• Be Aware of Signs, Markings, and Airport
Lighting
• Maintain Awareness of your Position and Limit
of Taxi Instruction
• Maintain Sterile Cockpit - Advise Passengers
and Co Pilots
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Communications
• Monitor ATC Communications With Other
Aircraft
• If Unsure of a Communication, Obtain
Clarification
• Do Not Fly With Defective Radios
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Situational Awareness (SA)
• The accurate perception and understanding of
all the factors and conditions within the four
fundamental risk elements that affect safety
before, during, and after the flight (FAA-H-8083-25)
• Four Risk Elements:
–
–
–
–
Pilot
Airplane
enVironment
External pressures
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Situational Awareness (SA)
During Surface Operations
• Factors that Enhance SA
– Preflight Planning and Preparedness
– Proper Use of a Surface Chart
– Listening to Ground Frequency
– Anticipation Projection
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Situational Awareness (SA)
During Surface Operations
• Factors that Degrade SA
– Being in a Rush
– Multi Tasking
– Obstructions to Vision and Hearing
– Losing Awareness of Position
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DPEs and CFIs Can Help Reduce
Runway Incursions
• Provide Adequate Training on Surface
Operations
• Emphasize Human Factors
• Set a Good Example: Fly Like You Teach
• Maintain High Standards For General Aviation
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