Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

Lecture 11

Fan-Shaped Phylogenetic Tree

“Phytoplankton”

• Unicells • Filamentous • Colonies – chains, or spheres

Algal pigments

Cocco, Dino, Diatom Overview

• “Shell”, “Wood”, or “Glass” Houses armor the cell and protect from predation/environ • Coccos are small open ocean • Dinos are warmer waters/summer • Diatoms are cooler waters/winter • Diatoms are the “grass of the sea and the estuary”

Coccolithophores

• Division Haptophyta = Prymnesiophyta • 500 spp extant, many more fossil spp • 0.2 – 2 m m diameter (pico – nanno) • Biflagellate or coccoid unicells • Cell wall of calcareous scales • • Chl a + c; carotenoids • Warm and tropical

Emiliania huxleyi

B.

• Very small cells (2-20um) • Calcified scales armor cell Major group of open ocean phytoplankton = coccolithophores “shell” house http://oceanography.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.2/qdhome-5.2.html

Some Coccolithophores

Prymnesiales Isochrysidales Coccosphaerales Pavlovales

Calcidiscus Pontosphaera Emiliania huxleyi

Diatoms

• Division Heterokontophyta, Class Bacillariophyceae • 1400-1800 spp marine, >100’000 spp total • 2um-2mm (nanno - netplankton) • Unicellular, often in colonies • Cell wall siliceous • Chl a, c, B-carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin • Centric (plankton) vs Pennate (benthic, epiphytic) • Temperate and cold waters

Ecological roles

• Marine phytoplankton • Periphyton (aufwuchs) • Grow on plants (epiphytes), rocks (epilithic), sand grains (epipelic), or on sediments (epipsammic) • “grass of the sea” – 20-25% of global primary production.

• REQUIRE SILICON • Well represented in fossil record – “diatomaceous earth”

Falkowski & Raven 2007

Cell wall & reproduction

• Frustule – upper epitheca, lower hypotheca • Girdle divides the two thecae • Bilateral, radial, or irregular symmetry • Asex cell division: parental theca is new

epitheca

, results in succesive size reduction of 1 of the 2 daughter lines.

• Size increase by swelling after sex. gamete production -> auxospore (resting cyst). Happens when cell <1/3 of original size.

Pleurosigma BENTHIC CELLS – NEAR SHORE OCEANIC CELLS – OFF SHORE Diatoms are extremely important primary producers: “grass of the sea”!

Or Centrales (=Biddulphiales)

• Centric diatoms – “planktonic” • 3 suborders: – Coscinodiscineae (8 families):

Thalassiosira, Skeletonema, Melosira, Coscinodiscus

– Rhizosoleniineae (1 family):

Rhizosolenia, Pseudosolenia

– Biddulphiineae (5 families):

Chaetoceras, Lithodesmium, Odontella

Melosira Thalassiosira Cyclotella Skeletonema Actinoptychus Chaetoceras

Or Pennales (=Bacillariales)

• Pennate diatoms – “benthic” • Raphe = fissure along apical axis. Used for locomotion; cytoplasm acts as a belt moving cell forward.

• 2 suborders: – Fragilariineae – araphid (4 families):

Striatella, Fragilaria, Thalassionema, Thalassiothrix

– Bacillarineae – raphid (4 families):

Navicula, Bacillaria, Nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia

http://www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/algae/diatom/index.html

Pseudo-nitzschia Raphoneis

Asterionellopsis

Thalassionema Cylindrotheca

Epiphytic Pennate Diatoms

• Sullivan, MJ, CA Montcreiff, AE Daehnick 1991. Primary Production Dynamics of Epiphytic Algae in Mississippi Seagrass Beds. MASGC 91-009 • Sullivan, MJ, CA Montcreiff 1993. Trophic Importance of Epiphytic Algae in Mississippi Seagrass Beds. MASGP-92-018 • Sullivan, MJ, DJ Wear 1996. Effects of Water-Column Enrichment on the Production Dynamics of 3 Seagrass Species and their Epiphytic Algae. MASGP-93-023

Sawgrass Diatoms Mangrove Diatoms http://serc.fiu.edu/periphyton/

Dinoflagellates

• Division Pyrrhophyta = Dinophyta • 2000 spp • Sizes: 10um-1mm • Biflagellate unicellular, some filaments • Cell has thecal plates (upper & lower) • Chl a, c; B-carotene, peridinin, diadinoxanthin, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin • Red tides (HABs); ciguatera •

Pfisteria

hysteria… • Zooxanthellae in Corals/Anemones • Warmer seas and/or summer blooms

Ecological roles

• Oceanic and estuarine phytoplankton • Protists that “captured” brown algal symbionts • Autotrophs, auxotrophs (req vitamins), heterotrophs (>50% spp)! -> phageotrophic (ingest organisms) and parasitic (feed off host) • Produce potent neurotoxins: Red tides, ciguatera, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) • Zooxanthellae symbiotic in corals, jellyfish, protists (forams, ciliates, radiolarians)

Flagellae and Cell walls

• Desmokont = 2 anterior flagellae • Dinokont = 2 flagellae in grooves – transverse tinsel flagellum in cingulum, posterior flagellum in sulcus.

• Move in forward corkscrew motion at 1-2m hr -1 • Upper epitheca, lower hypotheca. Shedding of theca = ecdysis. Regrows second half of same size (no decreasing size series). • Theca of polysaccharide plates (cellulose, mannose, galactose) and membranes.

C.

Desmokont cell Dinokont cell

Prorocentrum minimum

Taxonomy of Dinos

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Steidinger (1997) • 13 orders: Prorocentrales Dinophysiales Gymnodiniales Suessiales Ptychodiscales Noctilucales Lophodiniales Brachydiniales Gonyaulacales Peridiniales Blastodiniales Syndiniales Phytodiniales • • • • • • • • • • • • • Van den Hoek (1995) • 12 orders: Gymnodiniales Gloeodiniales Thoracosphaerales Phytodiniales Dinotrichales Dinameobidales Noctilucales Blastodiniales Syndiniales Peridiniales Dinophysiales Prorocentrales 8 of 12/13 orders are same

Order Gymnodiniales

• Unarmored dinokont cell with distinct cingulum and sulcus.

• 3 families: –

Gymnodinium

(200+spp),

Polykrikos

(5spp),

Warnowia

(25 spp)

Order Suessiales (Gymnodiniales)

• Coccoid cells living as symbionts. Thinly armored, transitional between “naked” and armoured cells • 1 fossil + 1 extant family: – –

Symbiodinium

(25spp)

S. microadriaticum

Order Dinamoebidales

• • • Free-living amoeboid stage alternates with non-motile coccoid stage.

Dinamoebidium Pfisteria

Order Noctilucales

• Large free-living unarmored cells, many vacuoles, flagella reduced or absent • 3 families: –

Kofoidinium

(5 spp),

Leptodiscus

(5 spp),

Noctiluca

(1 sp) http://dinos.anesc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/plankton/list.htm

Order Peridiniales

• • Armored dinokonts or varied form. Plate tabulation is diagnostic.

• May include Or Gonyaulacales

Protoperidinium toxicus

(250 spp),

Ceratium

(125 spp),

Gonyaulax

(100 spp),

Gambierdiscus

Order Dinophysales

• Laterally flattened cells with dinokont flagellar orientation and premedian cingulum.

• 3 families: –

Amphisolenia

(50spp),

Dinophysis

(100spp),

Phalacroma

(100 spp)

Order Prorocentrales

• Armored, biflagellate cells with desmokont (anterior) flagellar insertion. No cingulum or sulcus • 1 family:

Prorocentrum

(50spp),

Mesoporos

(10spp)

Dino life cycles

Toxic Marine Dinos

• Only about 60 of 2000 species • Most are photosynthetic estuarine/neritic (near shore) forms • Probably produce benthic, sexual resting stages (cysts) • Capable of producing blooms or single spp – exclude other plankton • Bioactive water- or lipid-soluble chemicals that are cytolytic, hemolytic, hepatotoxic, or neurotoxic

GoM

K. brevis

monitoring

September 12, 1995 at North Lido Beach http://isurus.mote.org/~pederson/phyto_ecol.phtml

http://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/hab/welcome.html

http://www.ncddc.noaa.gov/habsos/Mapping/

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)

• Blooms of marine algae which produce: – Toxic effects to organisms (and humans) – Physical impairment of fish/shellfish – Nuisance conditions from odor, discoloration – Severe oxygen depletion or benthic overgrowth • GEOHAB and ECOHAB programs http://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/ extremeevents/hab/current/fact ecohab.html

Phytoplankton Monitoring Network

• http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/PMN/index.htm

• Sample every 2 weeks using a 20um net for 3 minutes.

• Identify cells at 100x under microscope • Record number in approx 1ml sample on gridded microscope slide.

• Enter data to online database.

Dinoflagellates Diatoms

http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11913&tid=282&cid=40526

Diatoms and Dinos at GCRL

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 7.

23 .0

8 10 .2

1.

08 11 .1

9.

08 12 .1

7.

08 1.

07 .0

9 2.

04 .0

9 3.

05 .0

9 4.

01 .0

9 4.

29 .0

5.

9 28 .0

9in 6.

10 .0

9in 6.

24 .0

9in 7.

08 .0

9in 7.

22 .0

9in 8.

06 .0

9in 8.

20 .0

9in 9.

02 .0

9in 9.

17 .0

9in 10 .1

.0

9in 10 .1

5.

09 11 in .1

1.

09 11 in .2

4.

09 in 12 .8

.0

9 Dinoflag Species Diatom Species TOTAL cells

Major HAB-related events in the United States

Types of HAB events

• Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) caused by

Gymnodinium breve

=

Karenia brevis

along GoM coasts • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) caused by

Alexandrium

spp in New England, Pacific (northern CA – Canada, Alaska) • Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) caused by

Pseudo-nitzschi

a (NW, Atl and GoM)

Ciguatera (fish poisoning)

• illness caused by eating tropical fish that contain toxins bioaccumulated from benthic dino:

Gambierdiscus toxicus

• may experience nausea, vomiting, and neurologic symptoms such as tingling fingers or toes. • may find that cold things feel hot and hot things feel cold.

• Symptoms usually go away in days or weeks but can last for years. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ciguatera/default.htm

Pfisteria

life-cycle – Litaker et al 2002 http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/niehs/science/pfiesteriacontent.htm

http://www.vims.edu/pfiesteria/Biblio.html

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/botany/Faculty/jburkholder/jburkholder.html

http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/428625.html

Neuse River, NC

Assessing Eutrophication Dynamics: Neuse River Modeling and Monitoring Program (ModMon) www.marine.unc.edu/neuse/modmon

N loading and algal production in the Neuse R. Estuary

5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 6/97 Salinity (psu) NO x chl a (ug L -1 ) 12/97 6/98 (ug L -1 ) 12/98 6/99 Floyd

  

12/99 6/00 20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 800 >1000 >30 20 10 0

Algal production: The “fuel” for Hypoxia in the Neuse R. Estuary

Seasonal hypoxia, anoxia and fish kills in the Neuse R. Estuary

Pfisteria

or low DO and fungi?

The NC Hog Industry: The Smell Of Money 10 Mio Hogs in 1998 in Neuse Basin!

You decide…