Transcript Workshop on Small-holder Timber Production

Workshop on Small-holder
Timber Production
Forest Framework in Sri Lanka
by
Ariyadasa Kalutantri
Conservator of Forests
Forest Policy and Small-holder
Timber Production
National Forest Policy
Forest Resources
Non Forest Tree Resources
The Role of Home Gardens
90
20
80
18
70
16
14
60
12
50
10
40
8
30
6
20
4
10
2
0
0
1881
1900
Year
1956
1983
1992
Population
Forest Cover %
Population Increase and the
Forest Cover
Reduction of Forest Cover in Sri Lanka
90
84
80
70
70
60
Forest 50
Cover(%) 40
44
27
30
24
22
1992
1999
20
10
0
1881
1900
1956
1983
Year
Forest Types - 1994
Sparse
Mangroove
Reverine Dry
Dry Monsoon
Moist Monsoon
Lowland Rain
Sub Montane
Monatne
0
200
400
600
800
Extent ('000 ha.)
1000
1200
Forest Policy and Restoration Strategy
Time
Period
Policy
Restoration Strategy
1900
Reclaim the chena
cultivation areas
“Taungya” reforestation program mainly
in the Dry and Intermediate zones
1938
Planting Patna lands
Pinus and Eucalyptus were introduced
in the up country patna lands
1953
Emphasis on timber
and fuelwood
production
Planting of dry and wet patna with P.
caribaea, E.grandis, and E.microcoris
with some mechanical site preparation
1980
Donor funded
projects. USAID
Watershed
Management Project
Large scale planting of fuelwood in the
dry zone and Pinus in the up country
catchment areas
1980
Social Forestry
Initiatives
CFP project 1982-1989 and PFP
project 1993-1999
1995
Current Forest Policy
Community based tree planting and
private sector involvement in forest
plantation development
National Forest Policy - 1995
 To conserve forests for posterity with particular
regard to biodiversity, soils, water, and
historical, cultural, religious, and aesthetic
values
 To increase the tree cover and productivity of
the forests to meet the needs of present and
future generations for forest products and
services
 To enhance the contribution of forestry to the
welfare of the rural population, and strengthen
the national economy, with special attention
paid to equity in economic development
Policy on Management of State Forest Resources
 All state forest resources will be brought under sustainable
management both in terms of the continued existence of important
eco-systems and the flow of forest products and services
 The traditional rights, cultural values, and religious beliefs of people
living within or adjacent to forest areas will be recognized and
respected
 The natural forests will be allocated firstly for conservation, and
secondly for regulated multiple use production forestry
 For the management and protection of the natural forests forest
plantations the state will where appropriate form partnership with
local people, rural communities, and other stakeholders and
introduce appropriate tenurial arrangements
Policy on Management of State Forest Resources
 The establishment and management of industrial forest
plantations on the state lands will be entrusted
progressively to local people, rural communities ,
industries, and other private bodies in pace with
institutionalizing effective environment safeguards
 Degraded forest lands will be rehabilitated as forest for
conservation and multiple use production, where it is
economically and technically feasible, mainly for the
benefit of local people
 Planned conversion in forest to other land uses can take
place only in accordance with procedures defined in
legislation and with accepted conservation and scientific
norms
Policy on Management of Private Forest and Tree Resources
 Trees growing on homesteads, and other agroforestry,
will be promoted as a main strategy to supply wood and
other forest products for meeting household and market
needs
• The establishment, management, and harvesting of
industrial forest plantations by local people,
communities, industries, and others in the private sector
will be promoted
• The state will promote tree growing by local people, rural
communities, NGOs and other non-state sector bodies
for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas
Policy on Wood and Non-Wood forest products,
Industries and Marketing
 Greater responsibility will be given to local people,
organized groups, cooperatives, industries, and other
private bodies in commercial forest production, industrial
manufacturing, and marketing.
 Efficient forest products utilization, development of
competitive forest industries based on sustainable wood
sources, and manufacture of value added forest
products will be promoted.
 The state will facilitate the harvesting and transport of
forest products grown on private lands
 Effective measures to protect forests and illegal trade in
wood, non-wood forest products and endangered
species of flora and fauna will be instituted.
The Process
National Forest Policy
Forestry Sector Master Plan
Short Term
Strategies
Medium Term
Strategies
Five Year Implementation
Program (FYIP)
Long Term
Strategies
Sources of Timber Supply
Rubber
13%
Coconut
10%
Home Garden
41%
Imported
9%
Unrecorded
21%
Forest Plantations
6%
Agro-forestry Systems in Sri Lanka
Farm-based Agro-forestry
Traditional Home Gardens
Kandyan Forest Gardens
Spice Gardens
Trees in Agriculture Fields (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa)
Intercropping with commercial trees (coconut,
rubber)
Trees around agricultural fields
Agro-forestry Systems in Sri Lanka
Forest Based Agro-forestry
Traditional shifting cultivation (chena)
Cooperative Reforestation Program
Farmers woodlots
Home Gardens - General
Best developed agro-forestry system in Sri
Lanka
It is essentially a mixed cropping with a
variety of tree species that provide food,
fruit, timber, medicine, and spices
Home gardens are wide-spread and vary
in species composition and tree density
There are about 858,000 ha. of home
gardens (13% of the land area)
Distribution of Home Gardens
DISTRICT
Ampara
Anuradhapura
Badulla
Batticaloa
Colombo
Galle+Matara
Gampaha
Hambantota
Kalutara
Kandy
Kegalle
Kurunegula
Matale
Moneragala
Nuwara Eliya
Polonnaruwa
Puttalam
Ratnapura
Trincomalee
TOTAL
Land Area (ha)
450031
722178
285673
263983
68469
292085
141890
262307
164391
192808
168328
489787
206050
576763
174109
344988
315848
327034
267991
5714713
Area of
Home Gardens(ha)
16245
56143
50764
14359
8577
99000
56884
44922
33156
61029
46782
72892
20258
56739
9172
36180
64747
56462
14083
818394
Home Gardens
as a % of district
3.6
7.8
17.8
5.4
12.5
33.9
40.1
17.1
20.2
31.7
27.8
14.9
9.8
9.8
5.3
10.5
20.5
17.3
5.3
14.3
Home Gardens- Species Composition
 More than 400 different tree species found in home
gardens
 Some species are planted while other are naturally
regenerated
 Home garden species can be broadly categorized in to
Food, Food & Timber, and Timber species. Medicinal
and spice trees are also found
 Five commercially grown exotic timber species (Teak,
Mahogany, Alstonia, Albizzia, and Eucalyptus) are
among the top ten species in order of frequency of
occurrence
 There are about 30 different medicinal tree species in
the home gardens
Most Common Home Garden Tree Species
Local
Coconut
Rubber
Jak
Arecanut
Mahogany
Alstonia
Mango
Albizzia_1
Eucalyptus
Teak
Margosa
Cashew
Lime
Lunumidella
Weera
Guava
Kitul
Satin
Orange
Sabukku
Bamboo
Gliricidia
Halmilla
Rambutan
Toona
Daminiya
Species Name
Botanical
Cocos nucifera
Hevea brasiliensis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Areca catechu
Swietenia macrophylla
Alstonia macrophylla
Mangifera indica
Albizia molucana
Eucalyptus spp
Tectona grandis
Azadirachta indica
Anacardium occidentale
Citrus aurantifolia
Melia dubia
Drypetes sepiaria
Psidium guajva
Caryota urens
Chloroxylon swietenia
Citrus cinensis
Grevillea robusta
Bambusa vulgaris
Hevea brasiliensis
Berrya cordifolia
Nephelium lappaceum
Toona sinensis
Grewia damine
Origin
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown
Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown
Category
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber & Food
Food
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Food
Timber
Timber
Food
Timber & Food
Timber
Food
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Total Number
of Trees
38616649
17101488
10437142
9697944
6410248
5968286
5607688
5607581
4061191
3293609
3044932
3001240
2484387
2349245
2073390
1790026
1751016
1489903
1468383
1460721
1333073
1252885
1185466
1177920
1023771
1001625
Home Gardens- Species Density
The average tree density in home gardens
is about 200 trees per hectare
In the wet zone tree density exceeds 260
trees per hectare while in the dry zone tree
density is around 125 trees per hectare
Almost all the tree species have more
small diameter trees compared to large
diameter trees that shows the sustainable
nature of the system
Tree Density in Home Gardens
DISTRICT
Land Area (ha)
Area of
Home Gardens
Total Number
Home Gardens(ha)
as a % of district
of Trees
Trees/ha
Ampara
450031
16245
3.6
4684499
288
Anuradhapura
722178
56143
7.8
7820520
139
Badulla
285673
50764
17.8
12286263
242
Batticaloa
263983
14359
5.4
446427
31
Colombo
68469
8577
12.5
2427509
283
Galle+Matara
292085
99000
33.9
15799018
160
Gampaha
141890
56884
40.1
11057048
194
Hambantota
262307
44922
17.1
6315661
141
Kalutara
164391
33156
20.2
10533752
318
Kandy
192808
61029
31.7
5694609
93
Kegalle
168328
46782
27.8
22226316
475
Kurunegula
489787
72892
14.9
23505457
322
Matale
206050
20258
9.8
8019140
396
Moneragala
576763
56739
9.8
10905497
192
Nuwara Eliya
174109
9172
5.3
3541264
386
Polonnaruwa
344988
36180
10.5
1730037
48
Puttalam
315848
64747
20.5
4411647
68
Ratnapura
327034
56462
17.3
9732963
172
Trincomalee
267991
14083
5.3
281137
20
TOTAL
5714713
14.3
161418764
197
818394
Girth Class Distribution of Species
Local
Coconut
Rubber
Jak
Arecanut
Mahogany
Alstonia
Mango
Albizzia_1
Eucalyptus
Teak
Margosa
Cashew
Lime
Lunumidella
Weera
Guava
Kitul
Satin
Orange
Sabukku
Bamboo
Gliricidia
Halmilla
Rambutan
Toona
Daminiya
Species Name
Botanical
Cocos nucifera
Hevea brasiliensis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Areca catechu
Swietenia macrophylla
Alstonia macrophylla
Mangifera indica
Albizia molucana
Eucalyptus spp
Tectona grandis
Azadirachta indica
Anacardium occidentale
Citrus aurantifolia
Melia dubia
Drypetes sepiaria
Psidium guajva
Caryota urens
Chloroxylon swietenia
Citrus cinensis
Grevillea robusta
Bambusa vulgaris
Hevea brasiliensis
Berrya cordifolia
Nephelium lappaceum
Toona sinensis
Grewia damine
Family
Palme
Euphorbiaceae
Moraceae
Palme
Meliaceae
Apocynaceae
Anacardiaceae
Fabaceae
Myrtaceae
Verbenaceae
Meliaceae
Anacardiaceae
Rutaceae
Meliaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Myrtaceae
Palme
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Proteaceae
Bambusaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Tiliaceae
Sapindaceae
Meliaceae
Tiliaceae
Category
TF
T
TF
F
T
T
TF
T
T
T
T
TF
F
T
T
F
TF
T
F
T
T
T
T
TF
T
T
Girth Class
>30cm
<30cm
29362285
10691775
5515990
2661675
1105066
2719116
2933572
4148863
2408844
1522317
1357844
1151863
12013
1251112
3974874
70716
809525
713782
20790
891560
369924
434510
503663
531295
639165
372663
9254334
6409713
4921152
7036269
5305182
3249170
2674116
1458678
1652347
1771292
1687088
1849377
2472374
1098133
11481516
1719310
941491
776121
1447593
569161
963149
818375
681803
646625
384606
628962
Total
38616649
17101488
10437142
9697944
6410248
5968286
5607688
5607581
4061191
3293609
3044932
3001240
2484387
2349245
2073390
1790026
1751016
1489903
1468383
1460721
1333073
1252885
1185466
1177920
1023771
1001625
Home Garden – Timber Production Potential
 One hectare of home garden will produce 0.95
m3 of sawlogs and 0.5 m3 of poles per year
 Five exotic tree species found in home gardens
(Mahogany, Alstonia, Teak, Eucalyptus, and
Albizzia) account for 30% of the total timber
production
 Jak and Rubber are the main timber producers
each contributing 17% to the total production
Most Valuable Timber Species in Home Gardens
Origin
Local
Species Name
Botanical
Timber
Class
Teak
Nedun
Jak
Mahogany
Satin
Halmilla
Milla
Eucalyptus
Margosa
Kumbuk
Palu
Welang
Kolon
Suriyamara
Hora
Ketakela
Kon
Damba
Helamba
Alstonia
Toona
Coconut
Rubber
Mango
Albizzia_1
Lunumidella
Sabukku
Rambutan
Daminiya
Tamarind
Tectona grandis
Pericopsis mooniana
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Swietenia macrophylla
Chloroxylon swietenia
Berrya cordifolia
Vitex altissima
Eucalyptus spp
Azadirachta indica
Terminalia arjuna
Manilkara hexandra
Pterospermum suberifolium
Adina cordifolia
Albizia odoratissima
Dipterocarpus zeylanicus
Bridelia retusa
Schleichera oleosa
Syzygium assimile
Mitragyma parvifolia
Alstonia macrophylla
Toona sinensis
Cocos nucifera
Hevea brasiliensis
Mangifera indica
Albizia molucana
Melia dubia
Grevillea robusta
Nephelium lappaceum
Grewia damine
Tamarindus indica
Planted
Super Luxury
Super Luxury
Luxury
Luxury
Luxury
Luxury
Luxury
Special & 2
Special
Special
Special
Special
Special
Special
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Naturally Grown/Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Naturally Grown/Planted
Planted
Naturally Grown
Naturally Grown/Planted
Log Price/M3
(Rs.)
23040
23040
15120
14760
15180
15180
15180
5700
14220
11340
14220
14220
14220
14220
7740
7740
7740
7740
7740
5700
5700
3216
3216
1620
1620
3180
3180
1620
1620
1620
Timber Production Potential of Home Garden Species
Local
Coconut
Rubber
Jak
Mahogany
Alstonia
Mango
Albizzia_1
Eucalyptus
Teak
Margosa
Lunumidella
Kitul
Satin
Sabukku
Halmilla
Rambutan
Toona
Daminiya
Species Name
Botanical
Cocos nucifera
Hevea brasiliensis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Swietenia macrophylla
Alstonia macrophylla
Mangifera indica
Albizia molucana
Eucalyptus spp
Tectona grandis
Azadirachta indica
Melia dubia
Caryota urens
Chloroxylon swietenia
Grevillea robusta
Berrya cordifolia
Nephelium lappaceum
Toona sinensis
Grewia damine
Category
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Timber
Timber & Food
Timber
Timber
Total No.
of Trees
38616649
17101488
10437142
6410248
5968286
5607688
5607581
4061191
3293609
3044932
2349245
1751016
1489903
1460721
1185466
1177920
1023771
1001625
Estimated
No. of
Trees that
would
reach
Maturity
27031654
10260893
8349714
2564099
2387314
3925382
2243032
1624476
1317444
2131452
1409547
1225711
1042932
584288
829826
824544
511886
600975
Rotation
Age
(Years)
Timber
Volume
per Tree
(m3)
50
30
40
30
25
40
25
25
35
45
25
35
70
30
40
40
25
40
0.15
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.15
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Estimated
Timber
Volume
(m3)
81095
102609
104371
51282
28648
39254
35889
38987
22585
18946
22553
5253
5960
6817
8298
8245
8190
6010
594992
What improvements can be made
Provide better quality planting materials
especially in case of commercial species
Some sort of mechanism to certify the
timber produced in home gardens