Celebrating Therapy in the Custodial Settings

Transcript Celebrating Therapy in the Custodial Settings

CPN 4

ANNUAL CONFERENCE

Celebrating Therapy in the Custodial Setting

Therapeutic Communities, The Treatment Regime at HMP Grendon & Some Ethical Considerations Professor Michael Brookes Director of Therapeutic Communities: HMP Grendon Visiting Professor: Birmingham City University

1939 East-Hubert Report

This report recommended that a special institution be built with its conclusion being that “psychotherapy as an adjunct to an ordinary prison sentence appears to be effective in preventing or reducing the chance of future anti-social behaviour, provided the cases to which treatment is applied are carefully selected”

Rt Hon R.A. Butler, Home Secretary, on laying the foundation stone on 1 July 1960 said:

“The regime must be flexible with the accent on treatment; and success will depend above all on an enlightened staff-inmate relationship, together with close co-operation at all levels between the different members of the staff”

HMP Grendon

• 240 bed Category B prison • No Segregation Unit • Opened in 1962 • Each of the six wings is an individual therapeutic community • Fully accredited CSAP intervention • Warren et al (2003) cite TCs as having the

‘most promising evidence’

in the treatment of severe personality disorder

Prisoner Characteristics (1)

• 90% serving life sentences (47% mandatory lifer, 21% discretionary lifer, 31% IPP, 1% Section 2).

• 2% serving 4 - 7 years, 2% serving 7 - 10 years, 6% serving 10 years or more.

• 21% aged 21-30, 31% aged 31-40, 37% 41-50, 11% over 50. • High % personality disturbance (81% assessed as having at least 1 personality disorder) • Significant levels of emotional distress (anxiety, depression, histories of abuse)

Prisoner Characteristics (2)

• The majority of residents at Grendon are serving sentences for murder, manslaughter or violence (including those with sexual elements) • Many studies have drawn attention to the combination of both the extensive criminal history and disturbed personality profiles of Grendon prisoners • Grendon receives more psychopaths than any other type of English prison • Large proportion of the Grendon population (50% to 75%) identified as having Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder characteristics

Referral Criteria

• Has more than 18 months to serve • Has been off Category A status for the last 6 months • Meets ‘drug free’ criteria (within 2 months) • No diagnosis of major mental illness • Comprehension of rules & signs compact • Accepts responsibility for offence • Meets self harm criteria (within 2 months)

Responsivity Criteria

• Sufficiently motivated • Necessary insight & psychological mindedness • IQ criteria (29 or over on the Raven’s Progressive Matrices or 80 and above on the WAIS/WASI) • Psychopathy criteria: those scoring 25 or over on the PCL-R will be subject to further assessment prior to acceptance for treatment

Therapeutic Community Model

LINKS BETWEEN DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES

THERAPEUTIC CULTURE WORK EDUCATION LEISURE ACTIVITIES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES THERAPY GROUP INMATE FEEDBACK STAFF FEEDBACK COMMUNITY MEETING WING RELATIONSHIPS COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY OFFENCE ACCOUNT CASE REVIEW

Principles of therapeutic communities (Rapoport, 1960; HMPS, 2007)

• Democratisation • Permissiveness • Communalism • Reality Confrontation • A living learning experience • Culture of enquiry • Confidentiality/No secrets

Guiding Structures of Democratic TCs Therapeutic alliances Safety, boundaries and containment Debate, exploration and enquiry Involvement, participation and responsibility Decision making and democratisation

Affective experience Interpersonal dynamics Analytic Attachments Developmental Experiences Engagement Reality Testing

Theoretical Integration

Belief systems Problem solving Appraisals

Cognitive Behavioural

Perspective taking Pro social culture ‘Living learning’ Social feedback Vicarious learning Social Learning Modelling

Needs Addressed Within Grendon

• anti-social attitudes and feelings; • distorted thinking used to justify/minimise offending; • difficulty in recognising relevant risk factors and in generating appropriate strategies to cope with them; • dependency on alcohol and drugs; • adverse social and/or family histories and circumstances; • deviant sexual or violent interests, especially arousal patterns and pre-occupations; • poor social, interpersonal skills which are often offence relevant.

Ethical Considerations

• Power relationships: staff vs resident decision-making • Voluntary engagement, addressing risk factors/treatment targets and process for withdrawing from therapy • Confidentiality & disclosure of information • Conditioning, compromise & integrity • Staff support

Power relationships: staff vs resident decision-making

• To what extent can power in a Category B prison be truly devolved?

• Should staff vote in community meetings in the same way as residents?

• When should staff overrule votes taken by residents?

• What impact does the personality mix of residents have in the resident decision-making process?

• How does life ‘upstairs’ impact on life ‘downstairs’?

Voluntary engagement, addressing risk factors/treatment targets and process for withdrawing from therapy

• Informed consent? What about ISPs?

• Treatment within a TC: awareness of intensity of group based approach • ‘Opening up’ responsibilities: ‘capacity to cope’ • Impact of RTU & community/staff deselection • Outstanding risk factors and treatment needs/targets: divergent views

Confidentiality & disclosure of information

• Staff allegiances to different stakeholders (employing organisation, court requirement, professional body, client) • Working in multi-disciplinary teams/multi-agency arrangements: information sharing/shared records • Need to protect the public - risk assessments, report writing, working notes • Need to ensure the safety of the individual (self-harm disclosure or if someone else at risk) • Potential for staff compromise/collusion/splitting if told something ‘in-confidence’ • Additional offences • Security of the establishment & SIRs • Establishing the right culture within each TC: ‘encouragement to do the right thing – share all relevant information’

Conditioning, compromise & integrity

• Closeness of working arrangements • Supportive therapeutic relationships • Impact of hearing distressing material • Maintaining personal boundaries • Role of the staff team • Containing own frustrations/expressed hostility of residents • Always acting respectfully, competently, responsibly, decently & with integrity

Staff Support Mechanisms

• Pre-group/community meeting briefing • Post group supervision/de-briefing • Post community meeting de-briefing • Weekly sensitivity meetings • Individual supervision (contracted) • Group supervision • Informal (and if necessary formal) individual/group peer and/or clinical team discussions (particularly if distressed)

Celebrating Therapy in the Custodial Settings

Transcript Celebrating Therapy in the Custodial Settings

CPN 4

ANNUAL CONFERENCE