Transportation Finance Advisory Committee, June 2012 fafa Value Capture Strategies for Transportation Finance

Zhirong (Jerry) Zhao Associate Professor [email protected]

Land Value (EMV/Acre)

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The General Framework of Transportation Finance

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Value capture strategies: Type-I

-- on property owners  Land value tax  Tax increment financing  Special assessment  Transportation utility fees 4

Land Value Tax

 The conventional property tax  Tax on buildings  Tax on land Henry Georgia in 1865  A land value tax or split-rate tax  Captures more value from transportation  More efficient in land use 5

Tax Increment Financing (TIF)

Public improvements tend to cause a rise in property values in adjoining areas, causing an increase in property taxes. TIF uses these future increments in property taxes generated by new development to finance the initial costs of the development itself.

Tax Increment Financing (TIF)

Source: How TIFs work, Chicago, Illinois, 2004 7

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Special Assessments District

A compulsory levy used to finance a particular public improvement program Its only levied against those parcels receiving a

special benefit

from the improvement Assessment amount is directly related to the value of the benefits the property receives (Source: League of Minnesota Cities) 9

The Peachtree Street Streetcar Line Midtown Neighborhood SAD Atlanta, GA

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Transportation Utility Fees

 Transportation network functions as a utility  Facility use does not correlate with property value  Depends on property type  More direct connection between costs and benefits 11

TUF Simulation: Annual fee by land use - Minneapolis

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Value capture strategies: Type-II

-- on estate developers  Negotiated exactions  Development impact fees  Joint development  Air rights 13

Negotiated Exactions

Non formulaic or preset contributions for the local transportation improvements decided through negotiation.

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Development Impact Fees

 One-time predetermined assessments levied on new development  Offset the impact of the development on the capital cost of providing regional transportation infrastructure

Development Impact Fees With new highway exist

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Development Impact Fees

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Defining Joint Development

 Joint development  private-sector sharing of capital costs  private-sector payments to the public entity  Incentives  Public: additional $ for capital improvements  Private: enhanced development potential 17

Mechanisms of Joint development

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Air Rights Development

“The legal capacity to make use of a three dimensional area for development or improvement.

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-The Use and Abuse of the Term “Air Rights,”

Sam Galowitz, 1996 19

Air Rights Development: The Minnesota Context

Characteristics of Minnesota ’s freeway system provide unique opportunities for air rights development 20

Air Rights Development: Oases in Illinois State Tollway

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Features of Value Capture Strategies

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Value Capture Strategies TIF DIF Land value tax Transportation Utility Fee SAD Air Rights JD

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TH610: Value capture study

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Summary

 Value capture  The rationale to link benefits to costs  A useful toolset with various features  Policy considerations  State authorization  Local discretion  Policy research and design  Public engagement 26