Transcript chapter 2 Trade Terms

University
International Trade Terms
The International Trade School of Shandong Economic
Content
Concept of Trade Terms
International Trade Terms Usage
A Guide to Incoterms 2000
Concept of Trade Terms
Trade Terms : also called price terms or delivery
terms, are an important component of a unit price
in International trade, refer to using a brief
English concept or abbreviation to indicate the
formation of the unit price and determine the
responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two
parties as well as the time of passing of the
property in the goods.
International Trade Terms Usage
Trade terms have been developed in practice over many
years to fit particular circumstance. Different countries have
different interpretations of the terms. To clear up the
confusion, some international organizations have made quite
a few rules and explanations, of which there are three
influential international trade practice.
1.《Warsaw — Oxford Rules 1992》
2.《 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions
1941 》
3.《INCOTERMS 2000》
《INCOTERMS 2000》
In 1936, the International Charmber of Commerce (ICC)
drew up a set of standard terms and definitions, which are
known as Incoterms 1936, They were revised in 1953, 1982,
1990 and again in 2000 in order to bring the rules in line with
current international trade practice.
Compared with Incoterms 1990, Incoterms 2000 have
made two practical amendments:

The customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS
and DEQ

The loading and unloading obligations under FCA
《2000年通则》 四组术语(共13种)
E 组
启运
EXW EX Works
FCA Free Carrier
F 组
主运费 FAS Free Alongside Ship
未付
FOB Free On Board
C组
主运费
已付
工厂交货
货交承运人
船边交货
装运港船上交货
适用于各种运输方式，
包括多式联运
同上
适用于海运及内河运输
同上
CFR Cost and Freight
CIF Cost,Insurance
and Freight
成本加运费
成本加保险费、
运费
同上
CPT Carriage Paid To
运费付至
适用于各种运输方式，
包括多式联运
同上
运费、保险费付至
同上
边境交货
目的港船上交货
同上
D组
CIP Carriage and
Insurance Paid To
DAF Delivered At Frontier
DES Delivered Ex Ship
到达
DEQ Delivered Ex Quay
目的港码头交货
同上
适用于各种运输方式，
包括多式联运
DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid 未完税交货
DDP Delivered Duty Paid
完税后交货
适用于海运及内河运输
同上
The obligations between the buyer and the seller
A1 Provision of goods in conformity
with the contract
A2 Licenses, authorizations and
formalities
B1 Payment of the price
B2 Licenses, authorizations and
formalities
A3 Contract of carriage and insurance
B3 Contract of carriage and
insurance
A4 Delivery
B4 Taking delivery
A5 Transfer of risks
B5 Transfer of risks
A6 Division of costs
B6 Division of costs
A7 Notice to the buyer
B7 Notice to the seller
A8 Proof of delivery, transport
document or equivalent electronic
message
B8 Proof of delivery, transport
document or equivalent
electronic message
A9 Checking-packing-marking
B9 Inspection of goods
A10 Other obligations
B10 Other obligations
*FCA
CPT
CIP
EXW
工厂 仓库 敞车
机场
FOB
CFR
*FAS CIF
集装箱
堆场 CY
火车站
汽车站
码头
出口国
出口国
码头
进口国
DAF
关境
DES *DEQ
DDU
DDP
关境
进口国
FOB
Free on board（…named port of shipment）
This term means that the seller delivers
when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named
port of shipment. This means that the buyer has
to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage
to the goods from that point. This term can be
used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
However, As the loading of the goods is a
continuous process, it is hard to use ship’s
rail as a point to divide responsibilities and
costs. To avoid any dispute, there are
several derived terms.
 FOB Liner Terms
 FOB Under Tackle
 FOB Stowed
 FOB Trimmed
Free on Board
一、 FOB+指定装运港（装运港船上交货）
出口方
进口方
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、按时交货，并发已装船通知。装船通知样本
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷为止的一切费用与风险。
4、提交约定的各项单证或电子信息。
买方的基本义务：
1、按时租船订舱并支付运费，发船名等的充分通知。
2、办理进口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷后的一切费用与风险。
4、领货付款。
（二）理解及使用FOB术语时应注意的问题
1、FOB+装运港。
2、交货点：装运港船上。
3、风险划分点：装运港船舷为界。
4、风险提前转移。
5、费用划分点：装运港船舷为界。（运费、保费、其他）
6、报关。
7、买方发“充分通知”。
8、船货衔接。
9、卖方发“及时通知”。
10、只适用海运或内河航运。
11、装船费的负担。
FOB的变形：装船费
1、FOB Liner Term 船方（即买方）
2、 FOB under tackle 吊钩
3、 FOB stowed 卖方+理
4、 FOB trimmed 卖方+平
5、 FOB stowed and trimmed 卖方+平+理
案例分析：
A公司以FOB条件出口一批茶具，买方要求A公司代
为租船，费用由买方负担。由于A公司在约定日期内无
法租到合适的船，且买方不同意更换条件，以致延误了
装运期，买方以此为由提出撤消合同。问买方的要求是
否合理？
案例1
有一份FOB合同，甲公司出口卡车500辆，该
批货物装于舱面，其中40辆是卖给某国乙公司的。
货物抵运目的港后由承运人负责分拨，船行途中遇
到恶劣天气，有50辆卡车被冲进海中。事后甲公司
宣布出售给乙公司的40辆卡车已在运输途中全部损
失。乙公司认为甲公司未履行交货义务，要求赔偿
损失，甲公司认为货物已经越过船舷，风险已转移，
无须赔偿。请判别孰是孰非？为什么？
案例2
我与美商达成的合同中采用的术语为 FOB上海，
合同规定的交货时间为2001年3~4月份，可是到了
4月30日，买方指派的船只还未到达上海港，问：
1、货物在5月2日因仓库失火而全部灭失。发生灭失
的风险应由谁来负担？
2、船于5月2日到达并装运，由此为保存货物而发 生
的额外费用由谁负担？
CIF
Cost Insurance and Freight（… named
port of destination）
This term means that the seller delivers when the goods
pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must
pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the
named port of destination and arrange marine insurance
against the risk of loss of, or damage to, the goods in transit.
But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any
additional costs due to events occurring after the time of
delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.
 The seller arrange insurance only on minimum
cover. Should the buyer wish to have the
protection of greater cover, he would either
need to agree as such expressly with the seller
or to make his own extra insurance
arrangements.
 This term is a popular cargo delivery
arrangement and can only be used for sea and
inland waterway transportation. To stipulate
the responsibility and cost of unloading, CIF
has some derived terms: CIF Liner Terms, CIF
Landed and CIF Ex-Ship’s Hold
Cost、Insurance And
Freight
3、 CIF+指定目的港：成本、运费加保险
出口方
进口方
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、租船订舱并支付运费,按时交货，并发已装船通知。
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷为止的一切费用与风险。
4、提交约定的各项单证或电子信息。
5、办理保险并支付保险费。
买方的基本义务：
1、领货付款。
2、办理进口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷后的一切风险。
（二）理解及使用CIF术语时应注意的问题
1、CIF+目的港。
2、交货点：装运港船上。
3、风险划分点：装运港船舷为界。
4、费用划分（运费、保费）。
5、报关。
6、只适用海运或内河航运。
7、象征性交货
8、最低责任险110%
8、卸货费的负担。
CIF的变形：卸货费
1、CIF Liner Term 船方（即卖方）
2、 CIF Ex tackle 吊钩
3、 CIF landed 卖方
4、 CIF Ex ship’s hold 买方
案例分析：
1、我方按CIF条件进口一批床单，货物抵达后发现床
单在运输途中部分受潮，而卖方已如期向我方递交了合同
规定的全套合格单据并要求我方支付货款。问我方能否以
所交货物受潮而拒付货款并向卖方提出索赔？
案例4
在80年代，有一出口商同国外买方达成一
交易，合同约定的价格条件为CIF，当时正值
海湾地区爆发战争，装有出口货物的轮船在公
海上航行时，被一发导弹误中而沉。由于在投
保时没有加保战争险，不能取得保险公司的赔
偿。问：买方为此向买方提出索赔是否合理？
案例5
按CIF贸易术语出口。卖方按合同的规定
装船完毕后取得包括提单在内的全套装运单据。
但是，载货轮船在启航后第二天就触礁沉没，
买方闻讯后提出拒收单据，拒付货款。试问，
卖方应如何处理？为什么？
案例6
某公司按CIF London向英国出口一批季节性较
强的货物，双方在合同中规定：买方须于9月底前将
信用证开到，卖方保证运货船只不得迟于12月2日驶
抵目的港。如货轮迟于12月2日驶抵目的港，买方有
权取消合同。如货款已收，卖方须将货款退还买方，
如此签约是否正确？
CFR
Cost and Freight（… named port of
destination）
This term means that the seller delivers when the
goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.
The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to
bring the goods to the named port of destination, but
the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as
any additional costs due to events occurring after the
time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the
buyer.
 Cargo insurance is to be effected by the buyer.
So when the goods are loaded on board the
vessel, the seller should send shipping notice to
the buyer.
 This terms can be used for sea and inland
waterway transport. If the parties do not
intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail,
the CPT term should be used.
 To stipulate the responsibility and cost of
unloading, CFR has some derived terms: CFR
Liner Terms, CFR Landed and CFR Ex-Ship’s
Hold
Cost And
Freight
二、 CFR+指定目的港：成本加运费
出口方
进口方
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、租船订舱并支付运费,按时交货，并发已装船通知。
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷为止的一切费用与风险。
4、提交约定的各项单证或电子信息。
买方的基本义务：
1、领货付款。
2、办理进口结关手续。
3、负担货到装运港船舷后的一切风险。
4、投保并支付保险费。
（二）理解及使用CFR术语时应注意的问题
1、CFR+目的港。
2、交货点：装运港船上。
3、风险划分点：装运港船舷为界。
4、费用划分（运费、保费）
5、报关。
6、卖方发“及时通知”。
7、只适用海运或内河航运。
8、卸货费的负担。
CFR的变形：卸货费
1、CFR Liner Term 船方（即卖方）
2、 CFR Ex tackle 吊钩
3、 CFR landed 卖方
4、 CFR Ex ship’s hold 买方
FCA
Free Carrier（… named place）
This term means that the seller delivers the goods,
cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the
buyer at the named place. It should be noted that
the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the
obligation of loading and unloading the goods at
that place.
If delivery occurs at the seller’s premises, the seller is
responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any
other place, the seller is not responsible for
unloading.
Free Carrier
FCA +指定地点 :货交承运人
出口方
进口方
车站
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、按时将货交给指定的承运人，并发及时通知。
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货交承运人前的一切费用与风险。
4、提交通常单据或电子信息。
买方的基本义务：
1、订立自指定地点到目的地的运输合同，并支付运费，
发承运人名称等的充分通知。
2、办理进口结关手续。
3、负担货交承运人后的一切费用及风险。
4、领货付款。
（二）理解及使用FCA术语时应注意的问题
1、FCA+指定地点。
2、交货点：承运人的运输工具上或承运人控制下。
3、风险划分点：指定地点完成交货。
4、风险提前转移。
5、费用划分点：指定地点。（运费、保费、其他）
6、报关。
7、买方发“充分通知”。
8、安排运输：卖方可代理买方办理运输
9、卖方发“及时通知”。
10、适用各种运输方式。
11、FCA与 FOB。
案例分析
CPT
Carriage Paid to（… named place of
destination）
This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier
nominated by the him but the seller must in addition pay the
cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named
destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any
other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
CPT is almost the same as CFR except that CFR is only applied
to sea and inland water transportation while CPT may be used
for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport.
Carriage Paid To
CPT +指定目的地 :运费付至……
出口方
进口方
车站
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、订立自指定地点到目的地的运输合同，并支付运
费，按时将货交给承运人，并发及时通知。
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货交承运人前的一切风险。
4、提交通常单据或电子信息。
买方的基本义务：
1、办理进口结关手续。
2、负担货交承运人后的一切风险。
3、领货付款。
4、投保并支付保险费。
（二）理解及使用CPT术语时应注意的问题
1、CPT+指定目的地。
2、交货点：承运人的运输工具上。
3、风险划分点：指定地点完成交货。
4、费用划分（运费、保费、其他）.
5、报关。
6、卖方发“及时通知”。
7、适用各种运输方式。
8、CPT与 CFR。
CIP
Carriage and Insurance Paid to（… named
place of destination）
This term means that the seller delivers the goods
to the carrier nominated by the him but the
seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage
necessary to bring the goods to the named
destination and arrange the insurance.
The seller arrange insurance only on minimum
cover. Should the buyer wish to have the
protection of greater cover, he would either need
to agree as such expressly with the seller or to
make his own extra insurance arrangements.
 Briefly, this term is almost identical to
CPT except that under CIP, the seller has
to fund the cargo insurance. The seller’s
liability ceases when the cargo has been
accepted by the carrier or the first
carrier under multimodal transport
operation. Its only difference from CIF is
that CIP is applied to all modes of
transport.
Carriage 、Insurance Paid
To
CPT +指定目的地 :运费、保险费付至……
出口方
进口方
车站
码头
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方的基本义务：
1、订立自指定地点到目的地的运输合同，并支付运
费，按时将货交给承运人，并发及时通知。
2、办理出口结关手续。
3、负担货交承运人前的一切风险。
4、提交通常单据或电子信息。
5、投保并支付保险费。
买方的基本义务：
1、办理进口结关手续。
2、负担货交承运人后的一切风险。
3、领货付款。
（二）理解及使用CPT术语时应注意的问题
1、CPT+指定目的地。
2、交货点：承运人的运输工具上。
3、风险划分点：指定地点完成交货。
4、费用划分（运费、保费、其他）.
5、报关。
6、卖方发“及时通知”。
7、最低责任险110%。
8、适用各种运输方式。
9、CIP与 CIF。
六种主要贸易术语的区别
术语不同点
FOB、CFR、CIF
FCA、CPT、CIP
1、适用的运输方式
仅适用于海运和内河运
输，承运人一般为船公
司。
适用于各种运输，承运
人因运输方式不同而有
多种情况。
2、交货点和风险转移点
交货点和风险划分点都
是装运港船舷。
交货点和风险划分点因
运输方式不同而有多种
情况。
3、租船运输时
装、卸费用负担
贸易合同中要采用贸易
术语变形加以确定装卸
费用负担。
运费中包含装货费或卸
货费，贸易合同中无需
采用术语变形。
4、运输单据
卖方一般要提交“清洁
已装船”提单。
运输单据因运输方式不
同而有多种情况。
案例分析：
Difference between two group terms
FOB、CFR、CIF
Transport
mode
Place of
delivery and
risk
Cost of
loading and
unloading
document
FCA、CPT、CIP
Sea and inland
Any mode
waterway
Vessel’s rail
According to
transport mode
Derived terms
Included in freight
Clean B/L
Corresponding
documents
EXW
Ex Works ( …named place)
The terms means the seller delivers when he places the
goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises
or another named place not cleared for export and not
loaded on any collecting vehicle. The seller’s obligations
cease when the buyer accepts the goods at the factory or
warehouse. By using the term, the seller minimizes his
obligations while the buyer obtains at the lowest possible
price.
FAS
Free Alongside Ship (…named port of
shipment)
 This term means that the seller delivers when
the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the
named port of shipment. This means that the
buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or
damage to the goods from that moment.
 The buyer needs to give the seller prompt
notice of the name of the vessel, loading berth
and delivery dates.
DAF
Delivered at Frontier（…named place）
This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are
placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of
transport not unloaded, cleared for import at the named point
and place at the frontier, and before the customs border of
the adjoining country.
The term “frontier” may be used for any frontier including that
of the country of export.
DES
Delivered Ex Ship (…named port of
destination )
 This term means that the seller delivers when the goods
are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the
ship not cleared for import at the named port of
destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks
involved in bringing the goods to the named port of
destination before discharging. If the parties wish the
seller to bear the costs and risks of discharging the
goods, then the DEQ term should be used.
 This term can be used only when the goods are to be
delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal
transport on a vessel in the port of destination.
DEQ
（Delivered Ex Quay,... named port of
destination）
This term means the seller delivers when
the goods are placed at the disposal of the
buyer not cleared for import on the quay
at the named port of destination. The
seller has to bear costs and risks involved
in bringing the goods to the named port
of destination and discharging the goods
on the quay.
DDU
Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of
destination)
 This term means that the seller delivers the
goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and
not unloaded from any arriving means of
transport at the named place of destination. the
seller has to bear the cost and risks involved in
bringing the goods thereto, other than, where
applicable, any “duty” for import in the
country of destination. Such “duty” has to be
borne by the buyer as well as any costs and
risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for
import in time.
DDP
Delivered Duty Paid (…named place of
destination)
This term means that the seller delivers the goods
to the buyer, cleared for import, and not
unloaded from any arriving means of transport
at the named place of destination. the seller has
to bear all the cost and risks involved in
bringing the goods thereto, other than, where
applicable, any “duty” for import in the
country of destination.
Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum
obligation for the seller, DDP represents the
maximum obligation.