The Hope for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Meri Riski, Christoph Töpfer Energy and Sustainable Development Prof. Dr. Schleicher

Technique of CCS - Capture

Technique of CCS - Transport

  Pipeline  compressed Ship  liquified    Importance between location of sources and storage site Experience with gas transport No network in Europe so far

Technique of CCS - Storage

Source: Dürr (2009: 5) Source: IPCC (2005: 7, 199)

Economics of CCS

  Costs are usually expressed in costs of energy production ($/MWh) or costs of avoided CO 2 ($/t) CCS costs occur in capture, transport, storage  Costs depend on technology, fuel price trends, emission caps (ETS), investment and the assumption that CCS is applied commercially  Abatement costs need to be compared to renewables  If CCS is not commercial in 2020 renewables might provide better economic potential

Capture

PC=pulverized coal IGCC=integrated gasification combined cycle NGCC=natural gas combined cycle LCOE=levelised costs of electricity Source: IEA (2011: 38)

Comparison of CCS with renewables

Component

Capture coal Capture gas Transport

Min. €/tCO 2

11 3.70

0.70

Max. €/tCO 2

55 41 8

Renewables

Biomass Wind Geothermics

€/tCO 2

22-39 30-34 122 Geological Storage 0.30

9 Monitoring Sum coal 0.10

12.10

0.30

72.30

Sum gas 4.80

58.30

Source: Dürr (2009: 7) Long term cost are seen to shrink to 30-48 €/t Electricity generation costs for CCS are estimated to 7-11ct/kWh in 2020 and 12 ct/kWh for the mix of renewables (without PV 10ct/kWh) (WIC, 2010: 236)

Regulations and policies

    timing Where does the authority lie for different aspects of CCS?

development towards more comprehensive CCS regulatory framework around the world (Australia, EU, UK, USA,Korea & South Africa..) geological stability, potential hazards and sub-surface property rights , criteria for site selection and use of a power plant can be defined

European Union, the CCS Directive (2009)

 CCS process is achievable and available in larger scale from 2020.  The directive defines guidelines for the geological storage  safety and environmental requirements for storage  guidelines for proper monitoring of the installations and closed sites  the directive requires storage permits and exploration permits under nation states sovereignty  operator has to report the results of the monitoring to the competent authority at least once a year

References

       Dürr, Dietmar. 2009. “Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Chancen und Risiken der Kohlendioxidabscheidung und –speicherung“. < http://www.energie-fakten.de/pdf/ccs-inagendo-v10.pdf

> (29.03.2011).

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2008. “CO 2 Capture and Storage”. OECD/IEA, Paris.

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2010a. “Energy Technology Perspectives”. OECD/IEA, Paris.

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2010b. “Carbon Capture and Storage: Legal and Regulatory Review”. < http://www.iea.org/ccs/legal/regulatory_review_edition1.pdf

> (28.03.2011).

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. “Cost and Performance of Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Generation. < http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/costperf_ccs_powergen.pdf

> (01.05.2011).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2005. IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. New York et. al.: Camebridge University Press.

Wuppertal Institut for Climate, Environment and Energy (WIC). 2010. “Comparison of Renewable Energy Technologies with Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)”. < http://www.wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wiprojekt/RECCSplus_final_report.pdf

> (27.03.2011).