Transcript Developing Building Energy Use Intensity Benchmarks for Standard
Developing Building Energy Use Intensity Benchmarks for Standard 100 Energy Targets
Terry Sharp, PE, CEM Building Technologies Research & Integration Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory 865-574-3559 [email protected]
www.ornl.gov
Developing Building Energy Use Intensity Benchmarks for Standard 100 Energy Targets
June 27, 2010
Presentation Topics
• • • • Current needs for existing buildings energy performance benchmarks and targets Strengths and weaknesses of two development approaches An integrated synergistic approach Benchmark results
NOTE: All results shown in this presentation are preliminary.
Existing Buildings Energy Performance Baselines and Targets Are Needed For:
• • ASHRAE Energy Performance Standard – ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 Revision, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings – Need: Benchmark and Targets Energy Use Reductions in Federal Buildings – Energy Independence & Security Act (EISA 2007) – Need: Benchmark (based on CBECS 2003) – Targets Established (percent below benchmark)
Option 1: Benchmark Via Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS 2003) • Strengths: – – National survey of U.S. buildings 5215 observations – 51 building types • • • • • 6 Office 5 Services 4 Food sales 3 Restaurant 5 Education 5 Assembly 4 Lodging 3 Retail Balance: health care, public order, malls, warehouse, etc. – 5 climate zones – Real buildings, real energy use data
Option 1: Benchmark Via Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS 2003) • Weaknesses: – Need to split observations for 51 building types across 5 climate zones – Statistical stability decreases proportional to splits • Low observation counts occur for many building types in many climate zones -- decreased reliability • CBECS sampling weights amplify instabilities
Baseline Energy Use Intensities (EUIs) Developed From CBECS 2003
Large changes in zonal EUIs
CBECS Building Type Admin/mixed office Bank/other financial Government office Medical Office Other office Laboratory Distribution Warehouse Self-storage Grocery store Fire/police station Other public order Outpatient health
90 42 24 531 112 308 185
EUI (source kBtu/sqft-yr) 1 CBECS Climate Zone 2 4 5
134 224 157 177 160 241 196 116 151 303 148 83 159 264 164 111 168 422 146 781 62 456 158 665 86 31 18 493 124 148 163 62 31 22 548 108 421 137 48 56 24 600 176 248 287 -5 -27 -25 -7 11 -52 -12
Change (%) Zones 1-2 4-5
19 8 25 -35 6 -13 11 34 -13 85 153 46 -22 81 8 10 62 -41 110 37 31 5 30 10 9 17
1
101 12 28 13
Observations Climate Zone 2 4
184 23 31 21 162 12 24 15
5
107 7 17 14 13 7 7 17 11 10 10 2 46 43 5 30 16 11 29 60 27 12 33 9 7 18 49 24 15 16 3 5 14
Small observation counts
Option 2: Benchmark Via Simulation Results From Dept. of Energy Benchmark Buildings • Strengths: – Results readily available – Proto-typical buildings of different types – Modeling performed across ASHRAE’s 15 U.S. climate zones (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007) – Building models well accepted for R&D purposes – Stable predictions
Climate Zones for Benchmark Buildings
Energy Use Intensities for Benchmark Buildings by Climate Zone
DOE/NREL Benchmarks from Simulations (total site EUI in kBtu/sqft) Building Type 1A
Medium Office 39 Warehouse 30 Stand-alone Retail 62
2A
42 19 62
2B
40 19 60
3A
41 18 61
3B
33 14 44
3B
37 18 56
3C
38 15 50
4A
45 21 72
4B
38 20 61
4C
42 18 65
5A
48 24 81
5B
41 23 69
6A
54 29 93
6B
50 27 83
7
57 33 104
8
77 52 145 Strip Mall 56 Primary School 57 58 57 57 55 62 55 44 46 57 52 53 51 74 61 64 54 69 54 85 65 72 58 99 75 89 66 111 79 156 113 Secondary School 56 57 55 57 42 53 50 68 58 61 76 64 89 77 97 141 Supermarket 158 167 159 170 153 158 166 184 168 180 195 179 208 197 223 266 Fast Food 535 549 538 561 496 541 524 609 566 575 657 604 713 662 765 949 Restaurant 404 423 409 440 374 417 415 488 446 467 527 481 570 532 617 763 Hospital 145 147 138 142 137 135 76 148 127 139 148 130 153 137 155 185 Outpatient 280 279 278 274 254 277 240 278 274 247 271 271 280 275 279 324 Motel 70 Hotel 99 Mid-Rise Apartmt 39 69 108 39 68 100 38 68 116 38 63 105 31 66 105 36 64 101 33 71 127 42 68 119 37 66 124 38 74 138 47 70 130 41 79 150 54 74 144 48 83 163 59 99 196 76
Option 2: Benchmark Via Simulation Results From Dept. of Energy Benchmark Buildings • Weaknesses: – One building represents population – One city represents a climate zone – Limited building types – Simulated values = real building values?
Option 3: The Integrated Approach
• • • Derive CBECS national median EUIs – Provides real building basis – Retains large sample sizes Derive ratios of zonal to national average EUIs from building simulations (Department of Energy benchmark buildings) Use ratios to proportion the CBECS national medians to the 15 ASHRAE climate zones
CBECS – National Median Energy Use Intensities by Building Type (kBtu/sqft-yr)
2003 CBECS National National Median Median Building Type Administrative office Bank/other financial Government office Medical office (non-diagnostic) Mixed-use office Other office Laboratory Distribution/shipping center Non-refrigerated warehouse Convenience store Convenience store + gas Grocery store/food market Other food sales Fire station/police station Other public order and safety Medical office (diagnostic) Clinic/other outpatient health Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship Entertainment/culture Library Recreation Social/meeting Other public assembly Mobile Home Single-family detached Single-family attached EUI 61 87 77 52 71 59 266 34 16 232 187 193 58 98 89 Building Type College/university Elementary/middle school High school Preschool/daycare Other classroom education Fast food Restaurant/cafeteria Other food service Hospital/inpatient health Nursing home/assisted living Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Hotel Motel or inn Other lodging Vehicle dealership/showroom 44 67 103 35 35 92 40 41 Retail store Other retail Post office/postal center Repair shop Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance Other service Strip shopping mall 42 66 Enclosed mall 2005 RECS Apartments in 2-4 unit buildings 44 50 Apartments in 5+ unit buildings 47 82 64 43 49 21 90 94 90 EUI 97 55 71 71 40 419 229 125 199 126 74 76 74 71 82 76 54
Benchmark Buildings: Ratios of Zonal to Average EUIs by Building Type
Benchmark Building Medium Office Warehouse Stand-alone Retail Strip Mall Primary School Secondary School Supermarket Fast Food Restaurant Hospital Outpatient health Motel Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment 1A 0.92
1.44
0.90
0.83
0.98
0.87
0.87
0.91
0.86
1.00
1.03
0.95
0.81
0.95
Ratios of climate zone EUI to average of all zonal EUIs by building type (site basis) 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B ASHRAE Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 0.98
0.92
0.90
0.87
0.97
0.89
0.93
0.93
0.90
1.02
1.02
0.95
0.89
0.95
0.94
0.95
0.87
0.85
0.94
0.86
0.88
0.91
0.87
0.96
1.02
0.93
0.82
0.93
0.95
0.90
0.89
0.93
0.94
0.89
0.94
0.95
0.94
0.98
1.00
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.77
0.70
0.64
0.66
0.78
0.65
0.84
0.84
0.80
0.95
0.93
0.83
0.86
0.77
0.87
0.87
0.80
0.85
0.89
0.83
0.88
0.92
0.89
0.94
1.02
0.91
0.87
0.89
0.89
0.75
0.71
0.79
0.87
0.77
0.92
0.89
0.88
0.98
0.88
0.86
0.92
0.80
1.06
1.02
1.04
1.11
1.04
1.06
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.05
1.04
0.90
0.96
0.88
0.95
0.93
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.95
0.88
1.00
0.94
0.98
0.92
0.98
0.90
0.94
1.03
0.92
0.95
1.00
0.97
1.00
0.96
0.91
0.93
1.02
0.94
1.11
1.19
1.17
1.26
1.12
1.17
1.08
1.11
1.12
1.02
0.99
1.07
1.14
1.16
0.96
1.11
0.99
1.08
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.02
1.02
0.90
0.99
0.99
1.07
1.02
1.26
1.42
1.35
1.47
1.27
1.38
1.15
1.21
1.22
1.06
1.03
1.17
1.23
1.34
1.11
1.30
1.20
1.33
1.12
1.19
1.09
1.12
1.13
0.95
1.01
1.07
1.18
1.19
1.32
1.63
1.50
1.65
1.35
1.51
1.23
1.30
1.31
1.07
1.02
1.24
1.34
1.46
8 1.79
2.55
2.10
2.33
1.92
2.19
1.47
1.61
1.63
1.28
1.19
1.51
1.61
1.87
Draft Commercial and Residential Building Energy Performance Benchmarks Based on Integrated Development Approach (kBtu/ft 2 -yr)
Building Type Admin office Bank CBECS Median EUI 61 87 Govt office 77 Medical office 52 Mixed-use office 71 Other office Warehouse 59 16 Convenience store 232 Convenience store+gas Grocery store 187 193 Other food sales 58 RECS Building Type Mobile home SF-detached Median EUI 66 44 SF-attached Aptmt-in 2-4 unit Aptmt in 5+ unit 50 76 54 55 24 202 163 168 51 1A 57 80 71 48 65 1A 63 42 47 72 51 56 15 214 173 179 54 2A 58 83 73 50 68 2A 63 42 48 72 51 CBECS Estimated Zonal Site EUIs by Building Type (kBtu/sf-yr) 2B 56 80 70 48 65 3A 55 79 69 47 64 3B 46 65 57 39 53 3B 51 73 64 44 59 ASHRAE Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 50 71 63 43 58 61 87 76 52 71 53 75 66 45 61 56 79 70 48 65 5A 66 93 82 56 76 5B 57 81 71 48 66 6A 73 103 91 62 84 6B 64 92 80 55 75 55 16 203 164 170 53 15 218 176 182 44 12 196 158 163 49 14 203 163 169 48 12 213 172 178 59 17 235 189 196 51 16 216 174 180 54 15 231 186 193 64 20 249 201 208 55 18 230 185 192 70 23 266 215 222 62 21 252 203 210 51 55 49 51 54 59 54 58 63 58 67 64 RECS Estimated Zonal Site EUIs by Building Type (kBtu/sf-yr) 2B 3A 3B 3B ASHRAE Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 61 41 46 70 50 62 41 47 71 50 51 34 38 58 41 59 39 44 67 47 53 35 40 61 43 69 46 52 79 56 61 41 46 70 49 62 41 47 71 50 77 51 58 88 62 67 45 51 77 55 89 59 67 102 72 79 52 59 90 64 Note: Results shown for 11 commercial building types due to limited space.
7 76 108 95 65 88 74 27 285 230 238 72 7 96 64 73 111 78 8 103 147 129 88 119 100 42 341 275 284 86 8 124 82 93 142 100 Zonal EUI = CBECS/RECS National Median EUI x Zonal Ratio
Summary
• • • • Integrated approach combines strengths of different options Approach produces regional benchmarks (leading to energy targets) Provides results for both commercial and residential buildings Process is straight-forward