Transcript Climate Change - Centre for Good Governance

International Conference on
“Governance in Agriculture and Allied Sectors –
Issues and Way Foreward
18-19 December 2014 at Hotel Taj Deccan,
Hyderabad
Dr. Kirit Shelat – I.A.S. (Retd.)
Executive Chairman
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development & Public Leadership
Email ID: [email protected]
1
Why is Climate Smart Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture
need of time?
• As per FAO estimate, by year 2050 world population will increase by one –
third and food security will be required to be increased by 60 %.
• Cumulative impact of climate change has effect on productivity since last
decade. Agriculture has become a high risk profession- farmers
increasingly prefer to migrate. As per NSSO 2005 estimate, in India 60% of
farmers are likely to be leave farming.
• This has direct impact on socio-economic development process. Countries
after countries are facing social turmoil with growing local terrorism and
riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement
and Maoist who act brutally, and attract young persons to snatch
property and income and has spread over 1/3 of its total districts.
• But with available knowledge and experience use of science and
technology, it is possible to make sustainable livelihood through
agriculture but this requires intensive efforts at ground level – local level
where agriculture exists. If agriculture can be prioritized, this can be
converted into an opportunity
2
Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time?
What CSA means:
• It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals
• It integrates – social, economical and environmental development to meet
challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food
security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty.
It is composed of four pillars:
• Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income
• Adapting and building resilience to climate change
• Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible
• It uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG – CO2 by laying
emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO2 and release Oxygen
through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a)
increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water
and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland,
wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture
(Source: Page IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book)
3
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
• It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the
technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in
overall development strategy
• It makes agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on climate
change.
• The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists,
Extension teams and agricultural organizations both Public and Private,
and of course Public leadership is to make this happen.
4
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•
•
•
•
Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet
human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously.
This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also
in the infinite future.
The word “Sustainable development” has well-known implications.
It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic
growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable
livelihood.
Sustainable livelihood means.....
•
•
•
Provide enough to all to live or exist,
It should not become less and that
There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life.
5
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture
Despite change in climate and its adverse impact on crops/animals, income to
farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to
have multiple source of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheriesmilch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports.
It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,
support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply
situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house
technology.
It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop
insurance – for crops & animal husbandry.
It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at time
of drought or whenever needed.
6
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Climate smart agriculture involves :
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual
piece of land to support crops which can be sustained by its soil.
Weather advisory – long term- medium term – short term inputs to take
precautionary action.
Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have
occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss.
Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.
All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep.
And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more
productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.
7
Indian Situation
•
•
•
•
India’s success over six decades:
– 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth.
– Brought many out of poverty
– Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges
– Validated research into raise productivity
– Several States & individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or
equal to International level.
– But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like
services and manufacturing. Later have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is
Increasing rural and urban divide.
– Further there unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village
with similar land, and, water resources, one makes profit and other fails –
commits suicide.
Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to
poverty
Farmers suicide / Large scale exodus to urban centers.
There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line.
8
There are three kinds of impact of change in climate
A concurrent impact which is
taking place over the decades.
This has already affected
productivity and reduction in
water resources, while cost of
energy is growing higher
At local level action plan is needed to
provide by taking stock of what has
happened to soil and its productivity and
same about livestock due to changes in
weather – increase in temperature etc
Unexpected change in weather
pattern during monsoon season
like delayed rain, long intervals
for rain or heavy rain – flood
has already affecting
Horticulture crops.
A contingency plan to modify cropping
pattern. This has to be part of local level
(Taluka
Level)
action
plan
and
Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan
(CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri.
Universities but need to be made available
to farmers.
Major calamity like floods,
cyclone/tornado , cloud burst
etc
Need restoration strategy because such
disasters some time wipe out entire soil
strata and sweet water sources including
livestock and shelter
9
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Examples of projected Climate Change
Impacts on Crop production
EVENT
POTENTIAL IMPACT
Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter in
days and nights becoming hotter
Heavy
precipitation
events
increasing
Increased yields in colder environments;
decreased yields in warmer environments;
increased outbreaks of new insect pests and
pathogens; potential impacts on crop
production
in Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to
frequency .
cultivate land owing to water logging of soils
Drought-affected area increases
Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields
from crop damage and failure; loss of farm
land
Intense tropical cyclone activity increases
Damage to crops and livestock and shelter
High sea levels increase in incidence
Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and
freshwater systems; loss of farm land
Source: adapted from IPCC,2007, in FAO 2008
10
10
Climate Smart Agriculture
In the arena of climate change focus of Development Administration need to
be on:
•
Water Cycle
•
Soil Management
•
Live stock Management
•
Weather forecasting and Agri. Advisory based on that
•
Energy saving in farming
•
Value chain for Agro produce – enhancing value
•
Multiple source of Income to farmers
•
Bridging gaps in productivity.
•
With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and
Sarpanches of villages.
11
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLE
Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture
•
•
•
•
•
•
Even without climate change, underground water resources are reducing due to
high discharge by tube wells – both for agriculture but more for washrooms for
new urban enclaves.
There is increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban
areas and this drives away water meant agriculture even from irrigation dams.
With the temperature increase due to higher rate evaporation etc., there will be
reduced water availability. This will reduce also “Soil Moisture” having direct
impact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water
scarcity for cattle and human being and require migration plan.
Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari,
Cambay – Anand resulting into direct loss of agri. land. This may need planed
shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves
and casuarina.
Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil surface.
Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise and give
Agro Advisory – how to preserve and use water.
12
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Climate change and its impact on water cycle
Element of Water Cycle
Climate Change
Expected to increase globally during the 21st Century, with
potentially great spatial variations
Inter-annual variations Expected to increase everywhere
in precipitations
Seasonal variability of  Expected to increase everywhere
rainfall
 Delayed monsoon
 Interim delay with in season
Soil moisture stress
Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing
(droughts)
variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain) and
increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster than
natural vegetation
Floods
Increased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of
extreme rainfall events flood intensity can affect standing crops,
washing away of upper fertile crust of soil & cause soil erosion
(Navsari District)
Annual precipitation
13
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Climate change and its impact on water cycle
Element of Water Cycle
River discharge
(Kutch District)
Groundwater
Climate Change
Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall
patterns. Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from
region to region
Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and
distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to
increasing recharge,
and droughts leading to increased pumping
Increases as a function of temperature increases
Moderate impact through temperature increases
Evapotranspiration
Water quality (in
rivers, lakes and
aquifers)
Salinity in rivers and Potentially high impact where sea water level
aquifers
rise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal
Agri. Scientists particularly Krishi Vigyan Kendra team need to identify what a
farmer need to do and what is required by Village Community and District .
Comprehensive approach like River Basin Management needed
14
RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENT
River is an important physical agent
that plays very vital role in
distribution of water and maintaining
equilibrium of water in hydrological
cycle. The area from where river
collects water is termed as watershed
or catchment area. The whole unit
can be defined as basin where set of
physical processes are interlinked
with each other and maintain
relationships between biological and
non biological components.
It is well known truth that any major civilizations have developed around
river or in other wards within balanced watershed region due to
healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basin is the key to
maintain balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this
through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in
Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State
of Gujarat, India.
15
Tackling the Climate Change – Water cycle
Climate Change
Major culprit: CO2
Issues to tackle
•Food & Water insecurity
•Deteriorating soil health
•Depleting water resources
Environmental Issues
•Increasing temperature
•Change in rainfall pattern
•Change in season cycle
Emerging Approach
•Low external input system
•Land management
(Agriculture, grassland & forest)
•Promoting Photosynthesis
Promoting
Food & water security
through better natural
resource management
Photosynthesis
to consume CO2
Integrated
River Basin
Management
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
 Activities as per strategy will be carried out through linkages with Govt.
departments and other funding agencies
 Irrigation department
 Forest Department (JFM)
 Agriculture Department (RKVY, RADP)
 Other Funding Agencies
 CBO formed during planning phase are involved in each stage of
implementation
• During the planning phase,
enthused by the project, the
chairman of the ‘Sardar Patel
Sahbhagi Jal Sanchay Yojna’
had sanctioned 51 check
dams in basin area of about
5.15 crore cost.
• 44 checkdams have been
constructed till date.
Achievements
– Desilting – In 20 structures, 5.5 MCFT water storage.
250 hectares of land benefited from this fertile soil.
– Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structures – 19
– Distribution of Kitchen Garden kits - 350
– Compost preparation - 19
– Animal vaccination – 1691 animals
– Formation of SHGs – 30 (410 members)
– Exposure tour – 9 (186 beneficiaries)
Linkages with Government programmes
– Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)
(Agriculture department): 922 farmers
– Linkages with different government schemes for
farmers – 412 farmers
– Seed village – 5 villages – 250 farmers
– Cotton demonstration – 225 farmers
– Accelerated Pulse Production Programme – 1800
farmers
Linkages with Government programmes
– Vocational trainings – 13 (403 participants) trainings (
In coordination with Rural Technology Institute &
VRTI)
– Group formation (ATMA):
• Agriculture & Animal husbandry groups – 70 (985members)
– Farm schools (ATMA): 10
– Capacity Building Workshops – 4 (552 participants)
• Total spending: Rs. 8 crores
Activities In Progress
• Rukmavati Rural Agro Producer Company farmers’ producer company in Rukmavati
basin area has been formed.
• Developing/improving degraded lands and
‘Gauchar’
Activities In Progress
• Weather base farm decision making .
– Installation of Agromet observatory at VRTI campus.
– Disseminating recorded data & IMD forecast of the
region through SMS in Gujarati
– Also providing agro advisory based on weather
Way Forward
97 River Basins of Kachchh
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Soil & Climate Change
•
Soil with moisture and sunlight makes agriculture production possible.
With inputs and combination of soil health and moisture, productivity
increases – declines or remains stable.
•
The challenge is to that, in the changing weather parameters, stability
in productivity is maintained and wherever possible, increased. We have
to make this happen by farmers providing not only scientific inputs but
demonstrating its success.
This includes
 Bio-diversity
 Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM)
 Conservation of agriculture system
 Organic and In-organic inputs
 Agro-forestry , Perennial crops
 Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions
 Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS)
 Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013
25
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Soil and Climate Change
The soil has direct impact of changes in climate and that in turn affects productivity –
sustainability of crops that grow on it.
26
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Soil and Climate Change
Life Support
Services
Provision
Services
The soil renews,
retains, and
delivers plant
nutrients and
provides physical
support to
plants.
Soil is the basis
for the provision
of food, fiber,
fuel and
medicinal
products that
sustain life.
It sustains
biological
activity, diversity
and productivity.
Regulating Services
The soil plays a
central role in
buffering, filtering
and moderating the
hydrological cycle.
(e.g. nitrogen,
potassium,
phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium and
sulphur) that affect
plant production and
the climate.
Cultural Services
Soil provides the
foundation for
settlement and
infrastructure.
Soils and their wider
ecosystems provide
spiritual or heritage
value.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013
27
Soil Health Card
• Soil Health Card based on crop selection system to include all Advisory
discussion.
• This is already in practice and is key to sustainable agriculture growth in
Gujarat. It provides farmer information about status of soil health of his
land, need of supplemental nutrients, alternative crops that can grown,
average market price.
• The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and
provide Soil Health and Moisture Analysis to Farmers.
• The Soil Health Card must include alternative crops including Mix crops,
Agro forestry that can be sustained on individual piece of land.
• Farmers believe and like to follow written guidance.
• Inform farmers about Soil heath card with change of water cycle. The
water also needs to be tested and analyzed and perception to be
provided.
28
Soil Management for sustained crop productivity and climate change adaptation and
mitigation
Conventional practices
Soil crusting and degradation
in dry-lands:
This is a severe problem in
the Kutch – Combay Tarapur
(Anand) and Dandi due to
wind erosion and loss of
SOM
due
to
high
temperatures and burning.
When rain fails it can no
longer infiltrate the soil and
the
region
becomes
increasingly barren and arid.
Practices to enhance
Productivity and Adaptation
Practices to enhance mitigation
In kutch – under watershed programmes Kutch Examples – are in case
and prevention of salinity ingress studies
programmes – check dams, bandh,
villages, ponds, farms ponds, gully
plugging and protection wall have been
successfully used to meet this challenge.
The latest approach integrated is river
basin management in rukmavati river
basin.
29
Effect of Seasonal Changes
• Summer – Drought
• Monsoon – Floods , Heavy Rains
& long period of monsoon.
• Winter and severe cold
o Milk Animals
o Poultry
o Fisheries
Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals
•
•
•
•
Selection of breed
Shelter Design
Feeding practices
Mixing Ration
o During extreme heat and
drought
o During monsoon and Flood
o During winter
• Drinking water
requirement
• Breeding practices
• Rearing Practices
• Vaccination and
deceases prevention
• Milking care before &
after
Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals
SELECTION OF MILK ANIMAL BREED
•
Two major zones
o Northern Gujarat (Dry) &
o Saurashtra
o South Gujarat (Humid )
• Selection of breed within zone.
• Indigenous cow breeds preferred are
Kankrej
Gir
Protection Against Climatic Change
Milk Animals
SHELTER FOR MILK ANIMALS
• 50% effect of Climate change can be eliminated by properly
designed Shelter.
• Key factors
o
o
o
o
o
o
Ventilation and lighting
Roofing and heat reflection
Floor and wooden slits
Sides with windows
Cooling fans and water spray
Spacing
A Typical sketch showing requirement of shelter
CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
• When there may be unforeseen climate change effects observed in the
atmosphere due to increasing or decreasing climate parameters following
types impacts was observed in the climates.
• The Contingency Plan are prepared by Agriculture University for each
district. The general remedial measures are as follows.
• This should become part of Agro Advisory in current years Krishi
Mahotsav.
34
STRATEGY FOR RESTORATION
• Climate change has brought in recent years, major calamities which has
affected entire agriculture and livelihood in affected areas.
• To illustrate in the current year
• Uttarakhand cloud bursting
• Odessa cyclone
• International level – Philippines cyclone
• At local flooding in Navsari district and part of Anand District
• Such devastation can not be remedied by existing mitigation – adaptation
strategies.
• It needs total rehabilitation of agriculture activity which is not forming
part of current disaster Management strategies which caters emergency
situation and provide relief measures.
• What is needed is total restoration strategy for reviving agriculture.
35
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
•
Permanent increase in sea level and •
submergence of agriculture land.
•
•
Washing out of soil strata and spread of
salinity due to cyclone both underground •
and over-ground.
•
•
Residing of sea level in certain areas
opening of barren saline land.
Farmers have to be given alternative land
If feasible protection wall has to be
constructed along with plantation of
Bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the
wall
Soil replacement
New cropping pattern based on fresh Soil
Health & Moisture analysis along with
analysis of water.
a. sub soil water strata
b. water availability for irrigation
from wells/tube wells
• Making available certified seeds and other
inputs for cropping pattern suggested and
agro advisory on new crop management –
Kutch case studies
• Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in such
areas to prevent salinity ingress.
36
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
Wastage of fields due to Reconstruction of check Cropping pattern based
floods in overflow river/ dams on adoption of on Soil Health & Moisture
check dam bursting
River Basin Management Analysis
along
with
making available of seeds
and other inputs.
• Loss of
• Replacement by special scheme
tractors/storage of
bins/agriculture
implements.
• Death of livestock and
poultry due to floods
There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding
current Relief Scheme.
37
Multiple Source of Income
MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME
• Objective of climate smart agriculture is to make farmers and their
income resilient to climate change. This can be made by providing
multiple source of income. If one fails other sustains. This is initiative as
to be guided local public governance system and civil society.
Poultry / Cattle with Crop
• Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is
resource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family when
incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animal like cow provide
gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crops residue is
feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further
livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and
incase even if one fail, other supports thus offer a way to escape
poverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable
related environment.
38
Multiple Source of Income
Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in
some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas
of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balance diet.
Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system.
• It prevents soil erosion
• Facilitates water infiltration
• Diminish impact if extreme weather
• Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to
enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks
• More of all, it sale of provides alternative income.
• This already exists, but needs to be expanded.
Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternate
source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both
livestock and crops provides low or no income.
39
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
Sr.
No
Name Of
Village
Name
Of Block
1
Charopadi
Nani
Abdasa
2
Charopadi
Moti
Abdasa
3
Charoapdi
Moti
Abdasa
4
Jethamalpar
Abdasa
5
Bhoa
Abdasa
Name of
Member
Sodha
Ladhubha
Aamrji
Mandhara
Mariyamba
i Sidhik
Maheswari
Tejbai
Vachiya
Bhatt
Bhupatram
Mohbatra
m
Chuahan
Khetubha
Bhojubha
Occupa
tion
Best
Year
Income
Week
Year
Income
Income from
alternate
source
Farming
30000
8000
Animal
RLF
Farming Inputs
Sewing
machine
40000
Farming
50000
12000
Farmer
loan
Sewing
machine
Ration
shop
30000
Farming
45000
15000
Floor
mill
Asset(Tractor )
54000
Farming
55000
30000
Animal
RLF
Land levelling
40000
Farming
30000
12000
Animal
RLF
Land levelling
Livelihood Project Joined After
Sewing
machine
Kitchen
Garden
55000
40
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
6
Rodasar
Lakhap
at
7
Ukir
Abdasa
8
Ukir
Abdasa
9
Bara
Abdasa
10
Bara
Abdasa
Maheswari Kanbai
Gopal
Luhar Hanifabai
Alimamad
Luhar Kulsumbai
Haji
Animal
RLF
Ration
Shop
Sewing
machine
Ration
Shop
Home
Floor Mill
Animal
RLF
25000
Seed
Support
Crop
Loan
20000
Animal
RLF
Irrigated
Farming
Farming
50000
20000
Farming
30000
10000
Farming
35000
12000
Maheswari Lakha
Karu
Farming
50000
Jadeja Takhatsinh
Farming
60000
Kitchen
Garden
Kitchen
Garden
72000
Animal
RLF
48000
40000
Kishan
Credit
Card
Diesel
Engine
Irrigated
Farming
100000
Crop
Loan
90000
41
Bridge Productivity Gaps
Major challenge to Agri. Administration is reducing productivity gaps –
•
•
•
•
Between farmers in one village
Between villages within same taluka
Brining up taluka average above State & National average.
The analysis of Anand and Mandvi block illustrate this.
42
WEATHER FORECASTING
It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought
huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture sector, Crops – Horticulture,
Livestock and Poultry – birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a)
advance information about possible changes by FM Radio & TV (b) AgroAdvisory – followed by information of impending weather forecast and un-
usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level.
It should also be provided at the local level.
In the Farmers Interaction Meet with
Experts
during
National
Conference
organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural
University – March, 2013, it was revealed
that only 10% of farmers have access to
weather forecasting.
43
It. is the need of hour to communicate to
farmers about:
a. Possible rainfall pattern-long term
b. Mid-season correction, if any in same
c. Weekly forecast
d. More specific forecast on day to day basis
for unseasonal or heavy rain, high wind
velocity, frost and spell of heat and cold.
e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by
simulation model and communicate to
farmers in time to time. Only this can
prevent the crop failure.
f. While many of advance countries do have
technology and communication system,
most of developing countries do not have
this. There is, therefore, need for knowledge
transfer with international cooperation in
this regard.
44
WOMEN FARMERS
Women play important roles in agriculture production. These roles pertain to all
aspects of crop production / protection, management of livestock, farm animals /
husbandry and fisheries but are treated as “workers” and not farmers.
In recent times, women are increasingly replacing men in all farm activities – they
are now new farmers – no longer with partial responsibility and are required to
take all on farm decisions as men go out to urban centre/off farm urge for
employment. This is in addition to routine domestic and family functions (housekeeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles
and responsibilities.
Meeting of Women
Farmers at MGLI,
Ahmedabad
45
• Efforts to build capacities of women in agriculture are, however,
constrained by the fact that agriculture tools, equipment and extension
communication strategies are predominantly men – centred. The needs is
to ensure that women are adequately trained to take on farm decision,
made available appropriate tools and techniques that optimize on time
and reduce stress while handling them.
SGSY Training Programme for Self Help Groups
46
SMALL FARMERS
Attention of Extension team is on progressive farmers who are generally big
farmers. Small holders own majority of land in many countries. In India 80% of
farm holding are by small farmers. They need to be provided focused attention as
individual family unit on:
a) Soil Health Analysis Growth Card
b) Crop related guidance including market price & quality of product in demand
c) Adaptation measures needed for changed climate and provide information
related to its impact
d) Link to supply chain for inputs and demand chain for their products; direct
disbursement of subsidy including free inputs, and provide link with Banks –
Finance.
e) Implement door-step approach to farmers at village in pre-monsoon for crop
guidance.
f) Monitor and inspect spurious seeds and fertilizer-mix and pesticides.
This can go a long way in developing sustainable agriculture all around and not
confined to rich.
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RURAL YOUTH
• Rural youth across the world are
becoming increasingly restless.
They look forward to higher
income at a rapid pace which
agriculture most often does not
provide and in the context of
climate change sometime lend
farmers into debt due to crop
failure.
Mr. Gondaliya Sanjay in his Agri Business Centre
•
One major adverse impact on rural youth is they are misdirected by groups
which encourage internal violence, spread of terrorism and grab income of
others through brutality. In India, this is prevalent in some districts and is
known as “Naxalism”. Hence youth has to be
 Oriented to scientific agriculture
 Educated in multi-skills
Continued-----48
 Moved to set up micro
enterprise or agro service centre
 Adopt modern agriculture,
protected agriculture through
green house or otherwise
 This has to be with addition of
modern infrastructure in village
which includes round the clock
Electric Power Supply.
Mr. Laheri Suraj in his Emu Farm
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COMMUNITY BIO-GAS PLANT
The cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major cause of Methane, hence agriculture is
blamed for GHG emissions. The Chhota Udepur, a remote Tribal Taluka of Gujarat, India saw
a major community initiative in which about 3 to 4 slurry was utilized appropriately. Its
network of gas pipelines was laid for supply of gas to all of households. A Community
biogas plant set up after interaction with village community. The State Government
provided financial assistance though a registered cooperative society in the village. Animal
holder paid price for cow dung per kg. per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70
householders. A Vermicompost bed has been set up and slurry used for it. Liquid slurry is
not marketable but when it is converted into vermicompost can be transported to urban
centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is
the key to success of the project.
The gobar and agri waste emanates
methane which affects environment, but
converted into Biogas, has a different value
and is a solution to the problem. The
Shroff Foundation Trust took this initiative
with
convergence
of
government
departments with participation of local
community. In fact such efforts need to be
incentivized as we have agro waste and
cow dung in all our villages which are
inefficiently used.
Biogas Project – Chhota Udepur – Gujarat, India
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AGRO INDUSTRIES IN VILLAGES
Natural resource
management
Soil, Water, vegetation
etc.
R&D
To continuously assess
the opportunity, solve
problems & provide
services
Inputs management
Seeds, nutrients, pests
etc.
Agro Industrial
Complex
Capacity building through
Education, Training, Skill –
development & on job
training
Services to farmers and other community
Climate & weather information, banking &
credit supply, trade in inputs & output, storage
and transport. Infrastructure, value addition
related knowledge. Processing expertise, market
linkages
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Use of Biotechnology
Select the crop variety which are well adapted / resistant to high or low
conditions of temperature, rainfall, which stand with high wind velocity and
resistant to the pest and disease
Adopt the genetic modified (GM) crops variety which can highly resistant to the
pest i.e. approved BT Cotton
 Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better
export market. Nearly in recent years, we are able to export 120 million
bells of BT Cotton in export markets.
 Similarly tissue culture plants of Banana (Grand T -9 Variety) provides to a
excellent results on farmers field and significantly gave the higher yields
and quality production for export market under the best advance
management practices
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Prior to 1974
In 2010
 poorest district in the state & country too
 Achieved food security
 Roughly 90 % people in tribal villages
facing acute poverty
 Housing conditions improved
 Migration rate in non-irrigated villages
between 50-70 %
 The irrigation coverage 10 % in records, in
reality around 5 %
 Agriculture yields poorest in the state
 Milk production lowest in the state
 Literacy rate - lowest in the state – women
literacy in one digit
 Landscape almost barren with hardly any
tree cover
 Most forest land - without tree cover
 No horticulture activity
 No vegetable cultivation
 School enrolment
increased manifolds
and
attendance
 Ground water improved - CGWB
 Irrigation coverage is around 30 %
 450
community
water
resources
developed & managed by community
 2,500 village institutions - users groups
managing their affairs & assets
 65 rivers and rivulets made perennial
through series of structures
 migration rate 10-15 %
 six crore trees planted with 50 %
survival at long run
 About 25,000 farmers opted for
horticulture
 No floriculture
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
Summery
Key Recommendation to Farmers :
• Unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns resulting from climate
change will affect crop production. This will have an impact on
farmer livelihoods and food availability. Climate-smart agriculture
provides management options to farmers to both adapt to, and
mitigate, climate change and maintain his income and look for
opportunity to increase it.
• Crop production must adapt - crop varietal selection, plant
breeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem management
approaches and become resilient to changes (frequency and
intensity).
• Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change by
reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - for example by
reducing the use of/judiciously using inorganic fertilizers, avoiding
soil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. in
paddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. planting
perennial crops and grass species).
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National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
•
Farmers are the primary custodians of knowledge about their
environment, agro-ecosystems, crops and cropping patterns, and local
climatic patterns.
•
Adapting cropping practices and approaches will be related to local
farmers’ knowledge, requirements and priorities.
•
Sustainable crop production provides farmers with options for farming
sustainably, taking into account the local ecosystem and they how to
follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil – based on soil
health and moisture analysis of their land.
•
Integrated approaches — such as crop-livestock systems, rice-fish systems
and agro-forestry — diversify food sources and consequently strengthen
the resilience of farmers’ livelihoods. They also provide opportunities for
mitigating climate change but more precisely also increase their income
level and in worst circumstances maintain it.
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION
Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA
Communication to
farmers
Issues
Soil Health Card
Weather forecasting
Krishi Mahostsav
SMS by KVK/ATMA
Productivity Gaps at village &
Taluka level
Use of local TV cable
Multiple Source of Income
FM Radio, Helpline
Soil Health & Soil Management
Water conservation within farm
Suggested Measures
• Make available Taluka
information (obtaining same
from Indian Metrological
Department, Pune to farmers.
• Give Agro Advisory before and
during the season and even at
harvesting time.
Advise correct selection of seeds,
balance use of fertilizer and right
pesticides.
Advise to those who do not have
how to obtain same under existing
schemes of Government
Soil testing at every season
providing of soil health card
Crop selection based on Soil
Health & Moisture Analysis
Soil Management
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION
Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –ATMA
Communication to
farmers
Issues
Saving of energy
Value addition to harvested
crops
Woman farmers
Young farmers
Suggested Measures
Selection of right required
horsepower for
•
Pump
•
Tractor
• Grading
• Sorting
• Packing before sending to sale
• New farmers - guide them for
Agri practices
• Advise about availability of
higher income on farm/village
level value addition
•
Multiple skill
•
Micro enterprise
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Impact of Climate
Change
Issues
Vulnerability Assessment of
Block level
Suggested Measures
Block level agro advisory
Contingency plan for every
Organic manure and pesticides block
Bio-diversity
Mix crop pattern
Crop which may initially flourish
Agro forestry pattern
with increase in temperature
Agro Forestry
Tissue culture
B T Cotton GM Crops
Selection of Agri equipments
and tools suitable to area 64
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Impact of Climate
Change
Issues
• Perennial crops
•
• Balance mix of nutrients
– organic & in organic
•
• Development of salinity
resistant varieties
• Heat tolerant varieties
• Development of
•
pesticides mix in
increased humidity
• Development of vaccines
for new virus for
livestock
Suggested Measures
Yearly revision
Normal crop practices
based on changes that
have taken place.
Communicating with
IMD – Pune about local
weather parameters
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - EDUCATION
Development of syllabus based on Climate
Smart Agriculture
Special Diplomas
Special training and refreshing course
Redesigning and updating at regular
interval of course curriculum
Multiple skills
Weather advisory
Water conservation management
Woman
Young farmers
Agri input dealers & Agro service centres
– Sarpanches
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Dr. Kirit Shelat
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development
and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009.
Gujarat, INDIA.
Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)
Email: [email protected] Website: www.nccsdindia.org
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