Transcript Presentation Engry Consevation

Management is required when there is a
1. Crisis
2. Regulation
3. Competition
4. Waste
Implementation of energy demand side management
is to
1. Eliminate the waste;
2. Minimize the losses.
Why Important?
1. Energy Conservation and its Management has become a
prime factor for the nation, society and individual due to
high cost and non availability of energy.
2. Non awareness of latest technologies and methods, nonconventional energy sources and renewable energy
sources and how to run the plant and equipment in an
energy efficient manner.
Our Concern
1. Though, energy losses in power distribution
equipment including switch gear, transformer,
transmission and distribution lines etc are also of
our concern, but they are smaller amount as
compared to losses in electrical motors used for any
drive.
2. Electrical motors when not selected properly can
cause energy losses as high as 25% to 30%.
3. The motors designed in lower frame might not be
properly selected and have lower margins when
operated at abnormal operating conditions run with
very low power factor and efficiency and result in to
high losses and consumption
Electrical Drives
The general meaning of a Drive is the system, which is driven by
some energy. The source of energy may be any thing like wind,
water, oil, steam, solar or electricity etc.
When the source of energy is electricity, the drive is called Electric
Drive. In any drive system, we take some output in terms of energy
or work done.
Utilization of electricity for driving the mechanical system employs
the use of Electric Motors, which gives an output in terms of
Mechanical Energy. These electric motors are DC Motors,
Synchronous motors or Induction Motors.
Many industrial applications requiring rotating electric drives are
normally capable of speed control and often require an equipment to
attain a versatile and smooth speed control and make the motor to
operate at a desired specific speed torque characteristic. These
drives are characterized by the nature of speed torque characteristic
such as constant torque drives and constant power drives. These are
sometimes characterized by the type of motor used in the drive i.e.
dc and ac drives making use of dc and ac motors respectively.
Type of Drives
The various types of electric drives used in industries
may be divided into three types:
1. Individual motor drive;
2. Group drive;
3. Multi-motor drive.
Individual motor drive
In individual drive, a single electric motor is used to drive one
individual machine.
The machines can be placed in any desired position and can be
moved very easily. The machines can be built as an integral part of
the complete system, which results in a good appearance, cleanliness
and safety. For the purposes where constancy of speed and flexibility
of control is required, such as in paper mills and textile industry,
individual drive is essential.
Group Drive
By group drive is meant a drive in which a single electric motor
drives a line shaft by means of which an entire group of working
machines may be operated.
It is also sometimes called the line shaft drive. The line shaft is fitted with multistepped pulleys and belts that connect these pulleys and the shafts of the driven
machines serve to vary their speed.
This drive is economical in consideration of the first cost of the
motors and control gear. A single motor of large capacity costs less
than the total cost of a number of small motors of the same total
capacity
The efficiency and power factor of a large group drive motor will be
higher, provided it is operated fairly 10% overload when being
driven by group drive.
This form of drive has become obsolete now-a-days because
of its following draw-backs and objectionable features, and
the modern trend is to employ individual and multi-motor
drives:
1.In group drive, speed control of individual machine is very cumbersome
using stepped pulleys, belts etc.
2.Owing to use of line shafting pulleys and belts group drive does not give
good appearance and is also less safe to operate.
3.In group drive since machines have to be installed to suit the layout of the
line shafting, as such flexibility of layout of the various machines is lost.
Also it is not possible to install any machine at a desired place.
4.The possibility of installation of additional machines in an existing
industry is limited.
5.If, at any time, all operations are not required, the main motor will work
at low capacity and, therefore, operation efficiency will be low.
Multi-motor Drive
It consists of several individual drives each of which serves to
operate one of many working members or mechanisms in some
production unit.
Such drive is essential in complicated metal-cutting machine tools,
paper making machines, rolling mills, and similar types of
machinery. The use of multi-motor drive is continuously expanding
in modern industry as their advantages outweigh the increase in
capital cost as compared to the group drives.
The use of individual and multi-motor
drives has enable the introduction of
automation in production processes,
which in turn has considerably increased
the productivity of various industrial
organizations. Complete or partial
automation helps to operate various
mechanisms at optimum conditions and
to increase reliability and safety of
operation.
Various Types of Driven Equipments
1. Pump;
2. Fan;
3. Compressors;
4. Conveyers;
5. Mill;
6. Crusher;
7. Crane;
8. Hoist;
9. Traction;
Amongst motor used in any modern plant and industry,
the maximum number of motors used is 3-phase Induction
motor because of their cheapness, robust construction and
satisfactory performance. Their maintenance in service is
also easier as compared to other types of electrical motors.
The Torque – speed characteristic, inertia and duty cycle of load will
mainly determine the electrical characteristic and rating
requirements of the driving motor.
The proper selection of motor rating and design will result
in a minimum motor cost for a specified motor life
expectancy, torque-speed characteristic, inertia and duty
cycle of load.
The selection of under size motor for low motor cost
however may result in overloads and a consequent
reduction in motor life.
Additionally, in actual
practice, motors are
subjected to abnormal
operating conditions
because of system
inability to maintain the
normal operating
conditions when some
accidents or faults take
place.
Any form of abnormal operating conditions may affect the
performance, high losses and life expectancy of the motor. The
degree of deterioration depends upon the magnitude and nature of
abnormal conditions. Therefore, the abnormal operating condition
may also be taken in to account in design stage so that its withstand
capability is increased. Proper protection shall also be employed to
save motor against severe damage.
Energy Management
The energy management is the work for energy manager assigned by the management
who will exclusively look about energy matter such as
1. A detailed energy monitoring system.
2. Comparison of specific energy consumption values on a
monthly and yearly basis.
3. Exploring possibility of improvement in energy
consumption.
The Energy Audit is carried out to critically examine each of
the major energy consuming units to determine whether
there exists any unwanted use of energy, losses,
idle/redundant running etc. All efforts should be made to run
the machine at full/optimum capacity.
Energy Conservation Plan
Specific energy consumption value is the index to determine
how effectively the plant and machinery are utilized in any
industrial process. The KWH/ton or KWH/unit of production is
calculated in each month and energy consumption indices
are worked out separately for major equipment and process.
These are then compared on a monthly and yearly basis
regularly to detect any deviation from the norm (targeted
value) and to take necessary correcting steps.
On identification of areas where electrical energy is not
efficiently utilized, remedial measures are to be taken to
either replace the old equipment with energy efficient or to
implement with energy efficient equipment or to implement
modifications to make them more energy – efficient.
Implementation of energy conservation
measures
The energy conservation measures include:
1. Method of installation i.e. recycling (i.e. using scrap),
retrofitting and changing process ( from existing to
more efficient one);
2. Method of heat use (i.e. installation of equipment for
waste heat recovery and utilization, waste material
utilization and process efficiency improvement);
3. Changing the equipments with energy efficient i.e.
energy efficient motors and drives;
4. Improving the power factor of the system;
5. Utilizing the energy during off peak period;
Energy conservation in Mechanical systems
Various Mechanical drives are pumps, fans, compressors, mill,
crushers, hoists, tractions system etc. In all these drives, there are
mechanical losses like friction and windage losses.
1. In the bearings, friction loss occurs. In order to reduce the frictional loss the
surface are made smooth and bearings are lubricated. The size and grade of
bearing is decided based on the torque on shaft. Small and medium range
drives are provided with ball and roller bearings while Higher capacity and
higher speed drive are always provided with sleeve bearing with pedestals.
These bearings are forced oil lubrication. The oil is cooled by water
separately. The quantity of oil will depend on the heat developed in the
bearing.
2. The pump and fan has the blades in rotation. While rotating, there is friction
windage loss in fan or blower, which is minimized by proper angle of blade
design. Similarly, the blade angle of pumps is designed to minimize the
friction loss of water in the pump. Similarly, for compressor, the friction
occurs because of movement of piston in the cylinder, the friction loss is
minimized to have proper lubrication and gap between piston and cylinder.
There may be other losses in pulley drive; belt drive and gear drive
mechanism which is designed properly to have minimum mechanical losses.
Energy conservation during design
Induction Motor represents the majority of all electric motors
used in industries world- wide. Therefore, there is
tremendous amount of energy consumed in operating these
motors.
The important design features worth mentioning are:
1. More copper section in stator and rotor thus reducing I2R loss;
2. Better quality of stampings and lamination to reduce the iron loss;
3. Enhanced cooling by adopting improved design of fans and ventilation
circuit;
4. Designing for lower flux density for improving power factor;
A case study for 750KW, 6.6KV, 6 Pole Squirrel cage Induction motor which is optimally
design for the specification as given below:
Starting torque
– 90%
Starting current - 600%
Maximum torque - 230%
Temperature rise - 70 0 C
Out of various design, two close designs were selected with the following parameters as shown in Table
Description
1st Design
2nd Design
1
Frame size
1LA7 636-6
1LA7 710-6
2
Temperature rise (oC) 69.1
54.5
3
Starting current
6.027
6.12
4
Starting torque
1.037
0.894
5
Efficiency at 100% 93.33
load
95.95
6
Power factor at 100% 0.827
load
0.864
7
Cost of machine
6.0 Lakhs
8.0 Lakhs
8
Total loss
53.6 kW
31.66 kW
S.
N
Observations
1. From the above table, it can be seen that the efficiency and power
factor of Frame 1LA7 710-6 is more than the frame 1LA7 636-6.
2. The saving in power loss by using 1LA7 710-6 motor is ( 53.6 – 31.66)
kW = 21.94 kW. If the motors are running continuously, then the
number of unit saved is 24x 21.94 = 526.56 kWh per day per motor or
192194 kWh per year per motor.
3. Taking the unit charge as Rs 4 per unit; the total saving is Rs 192194 x
4 = Rs 768776.
4. Let us take 15% interest and depreciation. The extra expenditure per
year on the cost is 2x0.15 Lakh = Rs 30000. The pay back period is
30000 x12/768776 months = 0.468. It is less than 15 days only. It may be
noted that the working hours were taken 24 hours which is not
realistic. Let us take 8 hrs per day. The amount saved per year is Rs
768776x8/24 = 256259/-. Therefore payback period is 0.468x3 = 1.4
months.
5. If, there are 1x105 ( 1 Lakhs) motors operating every day, we can save
power 21.94 x 1x105 kW = 2194 MW.
Variable Speed Drives
Q-H characteristics of pump
Pressure (H) in mm of water
600
500
400
H
300
Hr1
Hr2
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
Discharge(Q) in m3/sec
5
6
In pumps and fans using constant speed
motor with conventional control, variation
in flow is achieved by means of throttling
valve or damper as shown in Fig.
The Power consumed
P  Q H/ (m xp)
Where Q = Delivery of pump in m3/sec
H = pressure head (m)
m = motor efficiency
p = pump efficiency
s = m p
Let
Q1 = 4; H1 = 200
Q2 = 3.6; H2 = 240
Let us assume that there is no change in system efficiency. Then
P1
Q1 H1
4 x 200
=
=
= 0.9259
P2
Q2 H2
3.6 x 240
Therefore P2 = 1.08 P1
Q-H Curve with variable speed motor
Pressure (H) in mm of water
600
500
400
H1
300
H2
Hr
200
Fig.: Pump curve at different
speed with constant resistive
curve for lower quantity
Q1 = 4; H1 = 200
Q2 = 3.6; H2 = 160
P1
4 x 200
=
= 1.39
P2
3.6 x 160
Therefore, P2 = 0.72 P1
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Discharge(Q) in m3/sec
It means, the power required by variable speed motor is only 72%. It is also
possible to keep the system efficiency same as original one. Even if the system
efficiency is down by 1%, the power required by pump system will be 72x85/84 =
72.85%. It can be seen that there is an advantage of having the variable speed
motor. We can also see that in case of still lower delivery, the power reduction in
percentage will be more because of lower head.
Energy conservation by Adjustable speed control
1. DC Motor
DC motor with variable speed by rheostatic control in field and armature would give
speed control. Some losses also occur in the resistance. DC motor with Thyristor
converter is widely used for efficient and precise speed control in steel mills, Cement
Plant, paper and textile mills. With fully controlled bridge, regenerative braking can be
achieved.
2. Induction Motor
In case of squirrel cage motor multispeed winding may help the operation at different
speed while speed change can be achieved with the help of addition of rotor resistance.
Energy conservation in Slip ring Induction Motor with Slip recovering is one of best
method. In conventional SRIM, introducing resistance in the rotor circuit varies motors
speed. Since power is absorbed by rotor resistance, efficiency of the motor drops as the
speed decreases. The power otherwise wasted in rotor resistance can be fed back to
the system by using a static converter, which converts the slip frequency power to DC
and then converting in to three phase which would be fed to main supply for controlling
the speed. This is fed back to the line with a line-commutated inverter. The variable
voltage and variable frequency is also adopted for variable speed in Induction motor.
3. Synchronous motor
The speed change is achieved by application of Variable frequency variable voltage.
Fans – a case study
To have similarity of measurements, two 210 MW units at Vijaywada Thermal power
station of Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board were selected for carrying out site
measurements and subsequent energy consumption comparisons. Unit 3 & 4 are 210
units and having tower type boilers supplied by the same source.
Fixed speed induction motors drive unit 3 ID fans. The fan is coupled to induction
motor through a hydraulic coupling so that the fan speed could be varied by scoop
tube control.
Unit 4 ID fans are driven by Variable Frequency Drive. The fan is coupled to the motor
through a flexible coupling. A synchronous motor fed from Load Commutated Inverter
(LCI) was used as a variable Frequency drive.
The study conclusively proves that introduction of Variable Frequency Drive system for
flow control application has a definite advantage in terms of substantial energy savings
as shown in Table.
Variable Frequency Drive has got the following advantages in addition to power savings:
(1) Increase in life of equipment due to soft start(2)Unlimited number of starts (3)
Assimilation of plant automation system for higher productivity.
Unit 3
Unit 4
Type of motor
Sq. cage
Ind. Motor
Synchronous Motor
Brushless
Motor frame
1LA7 902
1DQ3735
Rating Kw
1600
1368
Voltage
6.6KV
1.2 Kv
Frequency
50 Hz
Up to 47.33 Hz
Method of speed variation
Hydraulic coupling
VVVF
Power consumption for the same load 2319 Kw
factor (207 MW)
1845 Kw
Power saving due to VFD at 207 Mw
474 Kw
Energy saving for Generation time
of 5333 Hr per year
2527 MwHr
Total Energy saving in Rs per year
Rs 81.62 (taking
1000/- per MWhr)
Rs
Taking the cost of Control Rs 3 to 4 Crores, Payback period
can be of the order of 4-5 years only.
Energy conservation by Improving the power factor
in case of Induction motor
For improving the power factor, there should be reduction in reactive power. For,
inductive load, leading reactive power is required and for capacitive load, lagging
reactive power is required.
I1 = current before pf improvement;
I2 = current after pf improvement;
1 = pf angle before pf improment;
2 = pf angle after pf improvement.
P = Power consumed = V I1Cos 1= V I2Cos 2
Ic
2
1 I2
I1
V
The important disadvantages of low power factor are:
Higher currents require larger size cable, switchgears,
transformer and alternators etc. Thus the capital cost of
the equipment is increased. This is, uneconomical from
the supplier's point of view.
2. Higher currents give rise to higher copper losses in the
system and therefore, the efficiency of the system is
reduced. Also, the cost of energy loss (that is running
cost) in the system increased.
3. Higher currents produce larger voltage drop in cables and
other apparatus. This results in poor voltage regulation.
1.
Optimization of Power factor correction when Power is same
If x is the annual cost per KVA of maximum demand then
annual saving in the KVA demand charges
= x ( S1 – S2) = x P(Sec 1 – Sec 2)
If y is the annual cost per KVAr of the power factor
correction equipment then annual cost of the power factor
correction equipment.
CPF = y Qc = y P ( Tan1 – Tan 2)
The total annual saving ,
Cs = CD - CPF = x P(Sec 1 – Sec 2) - y P ( Tan1 – Tan 2)
Condition for optimization is
Sin 2 = y/x
Optimization of Power factor correction when KVA demand is same
For the same kVA, the power can be conserved or productivity can be increased.
Let us assumed that z is the annual cost per KW of the installation, then the annual
saving due to increased power out would be
= z S ( Cos 2 – Cos 1)
Let y is the annual cost per KVAr of the pf correction equipment then the annual cost of
the power factor correction equipment is given by
CPF = y Qc = y S (Sin 1 – Sin 2)
The net saving would be
Cs = z S ( Cos 2 – Cos 1) – y S ( Sin 1 – Sin 2)
For maximum annual saving
Tan 2 = y/Z
Power Factor Improvement Using Synchronous Condensers
When the KVAR requirement is small, it can be met through static capacitors.
However when requirements exceed 10,000 KVAR, it is generally more
economical to use the synchronous condensers.
A synchronous condenser is essentially an over excited synchronous motor.
Generally, it does not supply any active mechanical power. The excitation of
the machine is varied to provide the necessary amount of the leading KVAR.
Advantages
1. By the use of synchronous condenser a finer control is possible than by the
use of static capacitors.
2. A synchronous condenser can be overloaded for short periods but a static
capacitor cannot be overloaded.
3. A momentary drop in voltage causes the synchronous condenser to supply
greater KVAR to the system whereas in the case of static capacitor, the KVAR
supplied is reduced.
4. The inertia of the synchronous condenser improves the system stability and
reduces the effect of sudden changes in load.